Sociology Down to Earth Approach VS. PDF
Preview Sociology Down to Earth Approach VS.
sociology Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy 2 Henslin_prelims_i,iii.indd 1 14/08/13 9:02 AM sociology Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy oiawTmunohra d oosg iuindnrwco aef hert sloieulo oacnwhd c tomsoocm ricregimaoaelutntoiineovgreniiac s taatrsie,tno sende as a rtocphfhpe r setoucnsidoa cetsinoiooctlnsio.a .glWi ciltaihfle James Henslin Alphia PoAssdaamma iP-oIsnseasmedayi A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 2 8/08/13 2:28 PM Henslin title pages.indd 2 6/08/13 11:52 AM sociology Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy 2 Henslin_prelims_i,iii.indd 3 14/08/13 9:02 AM Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2014 Pearson Australia Unit 4, Level 3 14 Aquatic Drive Frenchs Forest NSW 2086 www.pearson.com.au Authorised adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Sociology: A Down-to- Earth Approach, 11th edition, ISBN: 0205096549 by Henslin, James M., published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 2012. Second adaptation edition published by Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd. Copyright © 2014. The Copyright Act 1968 of Australia allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be copied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that that educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited, telephone: (02) 9394 7600, email: [email protected] All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. 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Typeset by Midland Typesetters, Australia Printed in Malaysia 1 2 3 4 5 18 17 16 15 14 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Author: Henslin, James M., author. Title: Sociology: a down to earth approach / James Henslin, Adam Possamai, Alphia Possamai-Inesedy. Edition: 2nd edition. ISBN: 9781442558830 (paperback) Notes: Includes index. Subjects: Sociology. Other Authors/Contributors: Possamai, Adam, author. Possamai-Inesedy, Alphia, author. Dewey Number: 301 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 4 8/08/13 2:28 PM Brief contents Part 1 The sociological perspective 1 The sociological perspective 2 2 Culture and socialisation 42 3 Social structure and social interaction 74 4 How sociologists do research 102 Part 2 Social groups and social control 5 Societies to social networks, online and offline 130 6 Bureaucracy and formal organisations 160 7 Control, power and deviance 184 Part 3 Social inequality 8 Class and social stratification 216 9 Race and ethnicity 258 10 Sex, gender and ageing 298 Part 4 Social institutions 11 Politics and the economy 336 12 Education 368 13 Religion 394 14 Marriage and family 426 15 Health care and bio-medicine 462 Part 5 Social change 16 Population and urbanisation 500 17 Collective behaviour and social movements 532 18 Technological change, risk and the environment 560 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 5 8/08/13 2:28 PM Contents TO THE STUDENT . . . FROM THE AUTHORS XVI TO THE INSTRUCTOR . . . FROM THE AUTHORS XVIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVIII ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXIX Part 1 The sociological perspective Chap ter 1 The sociological pers pective 2 The sociological persp ective 4 Sociology in Australia 19 Seeing the broader social co ntext 5 Early history: The tension between social refo rm and MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE Revolutionary Road (2008) 6 sociological analysis 19 The global context – and the local 7 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Listening to an early Sociology and the other sciences 8 feminist 20 The natural sciences 8 Australian sociologists 21 The social sciences 8 The continuing tension and the rise of applied The goals of science 9 sociology 23 The risks of sociology 10 Talcott Parsons and C Wright Mills: Theory versus DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Enjoying a sociology quiz – reform 24 Sociological findings versus common sense 10 Theoretical perspectives in sociology 25 Origins of sociology 11 Symbolic interactionism 25 Tradition versus science 11 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Careers in sociology: What Auguste Comte and positivism 11 sociologists do 26 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Sociological findings versus DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Capturing Saddam Hussein: common sense – Answers to the sociology quiz 12 A surprising example of applied sociology 28 Herbert Spencer and social Darwinism 13 Functional analysis 30 Karl Marx and class conflict 13 Conflict theory 33 Emile Durkheim and social integration 14 Levels of analysis: Macro and micro 34 Max Weber and the Protestant ethic 14 Putting the theoretical perspectives together 34 Values in sociological research 16 Trends shaping the future of sociology 35 Verstehen and social facts 17 Sociology full circle: Reform versus research 35 Weber and Verstehen 17 Globalisation 36 Durkheim and social facts 17 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 37 How social facts and Verstehen fit together 18 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 1 38 Sexism in early sociology 19 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 1 38 Attitudes of the time 19 SUGGESTED READINGS 39 Harriet Martineau and early social research 19 REFERENCES 39 Chap ter 2 Culture and socialisat ion 42 What is culture? 44 Many cultural worlds 48 CULTURE AND TAKEN-FOR-GRANTE D ORIENTATIONS TO LIFE 44 Subcultures 48 PRACTISING CULTURAL RELATIVISM 45 Countercultures 48 CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD You are what you Values in Australian society 49 eat: An exploration in cultural relativity 46 Mateship 49 Components of symbolic culture 47 Egalitarian ideals and the tall poppy syndrome 50 Values, norms and sanctions 47 An Australian study of values 52 Folkways and mores 47 What is ‘un-Australian’? 53 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 6 8/08/13 2:28 PM CONTENTS vii What is human nature? 54 Agents of socialisation 64 Feral children 54 The family 64 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Her behaviour toward The neighbourhood 65 strangers, especially men, was almost that of a wild animal, Religion 65 manifesting much fear and hostility 55 Child care 65 Isolated children 55 The school 66 Socialisation into the self and mind 56 Peer groups 66 Cooley and the looking-glass self 56 The workplace 67 Mead and role taking 56 Resocialisation 67 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Heredity or environment? Total institutions 68 The case of Oskar and Jack, identical twins 57 Are we prisoners of socialisation? 68 Learning personality, morality and emotions 58 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Boot camp as a total Freud and the development of personality 58 institution 69 Socialisation into emotions 60 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 70 Society within us: The self and emotions as social THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 2 71 control 61 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 2 71 Socialisation into gender 61 SUGGESTED READINGS 71 Gender messages in the family 62 REFERENCES 72 Gender messages from peers and in the mass media 63 Chap ter 3 Social structure and s ocial interaction 74 Levels of sociological analysis 76 The microsociological persp ective: Social interaction in Macrosociology and microsoci ology 76 everyday life 87 The macrosociological perspective: Social structure 76 Symbolic interaction 87 The sociological significance of social structure 77 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Beauty may be only skin deep, Culture 77 but its effects go on forever: Stereotypes in everyday Social class 78 life 89 Social status 78 Dramaturgy: The presentation of self in everyday DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Role-playing games: Dungeons life 90 & Dragons as social structure 78 MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE You can’t be thin enough: Body Roles 80 images and the mass media 92 Groups 81 Ethnomethodology: Uncovering background Social institutions 81 assumptions 94 The sociological significance of social institutions 81 The social construction of reality 96 Comparing functionalist and conflict perspectives 83 The need for both macrosociology and microsociology 97 Changes in social structure 84 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 98 What holds society together? 84 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 3 99 CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD The Amish: DISCUSSING CHAPTER 3 100 Gemeinschaft community in a Gesellschaft society 86 SUGGESTED READINGS 100 REFERENCES 100 Chap ter 4 How sociologists do research 102 What is a valid sociolo gical topic? 104 Step 8: Sharing the resu lts 107 Common sense and the need fo r sociological research 104 Research methods 108 A research model 104 Surveys 109 Step 1: Selecting a topic 105 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Loading the dice: How not to Step 2: Defining the problem 105 do research 112 Step 3: Reviewing the literature 106 Participant observation (fieldwork) 112 Step 4: Formulating a hypothesis 106 Secondary analysis 113 Step 5: Choosing a research method 106 Documents 113 Step 6: Collecting the data 106 Experiments 114 Step 7: Analysing the results 107 Unobtrusive measures 114 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 7 8/08/13 2:28 PM viii CONTENTS Deciding which method to use 116 Misleading the participants: The Humphreys Controversy in sociological research 116 research 121 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY The Hawthorne Misleading the participants: Hate crime researched on experiments 117 the internet 122 THINKING CRITICALLY Doing controversial research: Who How research and theory work together 123 killed Leigh Leigh? 117 The real world: When the ideal meets the real 123 Gender in sociological research 119 THINKING CRITICALLY Are rapists sick? A close-up view of MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE Kinsey 119 research 123 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Applied sociology: Marketing SUMMARY AND REVIEW 125 research as a blend of quantitative and qualitative THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 4 126 methods 120 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 4 126 Ethics in sociological research 121 SUGGESTED READINGS 126 REFERENCES 126 P art 2 Social groups and social control Chap ter 5 Societies to social ne tworks, online and offline 130 Societies and their tra nsformation 132 CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUS TRALIA How our own social Hunting and gathering soc ieties 132 networks perpetuate social inequality 145 Pastoral and horticultural societies 133 A neo-tribal society? 145 Agricultural societies 134 A new group: Electronic communities 146 Industrial societies 135 Group dynamics 147 Post-industrial (information) societies 136 Effects of group size on stability and intimacy 147 Biotech societies: Is a new type of society Effects of group size on attitudes and behaviour 148 emerging? 136 Leadership 149 SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Avatar fantasy life: The power of peer pressure: The Asch experiment 151 The blurring lines of reality 137 The power of authority: The Milgram experiment 152 Groups within society 138 THINKING CRITICALLY If Hitler asked you to execute a SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY ‘So, you want to be stranger, would you? The Milgram experiment 152 yourself?’ Cloning in the coming biotech society 139 Global consequences of group dynamics: Groupthink 154 Primary groups 139 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 155 Secondary groups 140 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 5 156 In-groups and out-groups 140 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 5 156 Reference groups 142 SUGGESTED READINGS 156 Social networks 143 REFERENCES 157 SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Facebook: Social networks online 144 Chap ter 6 Bureaucracy and form al organisations 160 The rationalisation of society 162 Goal displacement and t he perpetuation of Why did society make a dee p shift in human bureaucracies 169 relationships? 162 Voluntary associations 170 Marx: Capitalism broke tradition 163 Functions of voluntary associations 170 Weber: Religion broke tradition 163 Shared or mutual interests 171 The two views today – who is correct? 164 The ‘iron law’ of oligarchy 172 Formal organisations and bureaucracies 164 Working for the corporation 172 Formal organisations 164 Self-fulfilling stereotypes in the ‘hidden’ corporate The characteristics of bureaucracies 165 culture 173 ‘Ideal’ versus ‘real’ bureaucracy 166 THINKING CRITICALLY Managing diversity in the Dysfunctions of bureaucracies 167 workplace 174 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY The McDonaldisation of Humanising the corporate culture 174 society 168 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 8 8/08/13 2:28 PM CONTENTS ix Attempts to humanise the work setting 175 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 179 The conflict perspective 177 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 6 180 Technology and the control of workers 177 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 6 181 SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Cyberloafers and SUGGESTED READINGS 181 cybersleuths: Surfing at work 178 REFERENCES 181 Networked organisations 179 Chap ter 7 Control, power and d eviance 184 What is deviance? 18 6 The conflict perspective 2 01 How norms make social life possible 186 Class, crime and the criminal justice system 2 01 Sanctions 187 Power and inequality 202 Shaming and degradation ceremonies 187 The law as an instrument of oppression 202 CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD Human sexuality Repressive and ideological state apparatuses 203 in cross-cultural perspective 188 The feminist perspective on deviance 204 Competing explanations of deviance: Sociology, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD ‘What kind of sociobiology and psychology 189 prison is this?’ 205 The symbolic interactionist perspective 190 Reactions to deviance 205 Differential association theory 190 Street crime and prisons 205 Control theory 192 THINKING CRITICALLY ‘Three strikes and you’re out!’ Labelling theory 193 Unintended consequences of well-intended laws 207 The functionalist perspective 195 Recidivism 207 Can deviance really be functional for society? 195 The trouble with official statistics 208 Strain theory: How social values produce The medicalisation of deviance: Mental illness 209 deviance 196 The need for a more humane approach 211 CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD ‘Dogging’ in SUMMARY AND REVIEW 211 England 196 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 7 212 Illegitimate opportunity structures: Social class and DISCUSSING CHAPTER 7 212 crime 198 SUGGESTED READINGS 213 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Islands in the street: Urban REFERENCES 213 gangs in the United States 200 P art 3 Social inequality Chap ter 8 Class and social strat ification 216 Systems of social strat ification 218 MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE What price freedom? Slavery What is social class? 218 today 232 The consequences of social class in the ‘fair go’ Caste 232 society 218 Estate 234 Physical health 219 Class 235 Mental health 220 Social mobility 235 Family life 221 Three types of social mobility 235 Education 222 Women in studies of social mobility 236 Politics 222 The pain of social mobility 236 Crime and criminal justice 223 Global stratification and the status of females 237 Sociological models of social class 223 Why is social stratification universal? 237 Karl Marx: The means of production 223 The functionalist view: Motivating qualified Updating Marx 224 people 237 Max Weber: Property, prestige and power 225 The conflict perspective: Class conflict and scarce Updating Weber 225 resources 238 The major systems of social stratification 230 Lenski’s synthesis 239 Slavery 230 How do elites maintain stratification? 240 A01_HENS8830_02_LT_FM.indd 9 8/08/13 2:28 PM
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