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994 Pages·2008·76.71 MB·English
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A GLOBAL P M INTRODUCTION L A U 4TH EDITION M C I O M N Sociology: A Global Introduction represents a unique and complete learning resource for E I sociology students worldwide. International in outlook and culturally wide-ranging, it also R S reminds us that sociology is not entirely value free. Unlike most textbooks, a narrative – & of social change and its attendant problems – drives the text throughout. Each chapter addresses new forms that society is taking, showing progress, but often at a price, and the long journey still to travel for a better world. Technology is also now em- bedded fi rmly in contemporary social life, and rapidly changing us. Thus new information technologies – their uses and their problems as tools – are discussed: Google searches, Wikipedia, YouTube. New to this edition: • Fully updated to include the latest key debates, topics and data – confl icts throughout the world, the Muslim world, African poverty, and the role of China in the twenty-fi rst century. • New chapter on Disabilities, Care and the Humanitarian Society. • New ‘Interlude’ sections integrate the chapter themes in each Part through a specifi c focus: sport, food, global youth and biography. • Re-organised coverage of theory with new material on major modern theorists – Mary Douglas, Martha Nussbaum, Stanley Cohen, Manuel Castells, Ulrich Beck and Donna Haraway. • New boxes look at ‘Living in the Twenty-First Century’ and ‘Public Sociology’. But this edition is also about helping you do sociology – seeing, hearing, investigating and interacting as a sociologist. To that end, this edition includes other key new features: 1. The Sociological E-Lab, for each chapter – guidance on websites to investigate, DVDs to watch, reading to do, the big debates in sociology and questions to ask. 2. New Part Six Resources for Critical Thinking brings together key words, video lists, a major webliography, reading lists and YouTube. It provides a key resource in itself for further investigation. 3. Art and Sociology: Major works of art open each chapter and questions for discussion are in Part Six. A new visual sociology is suggested throughout. 4. Extensive Website Resources – for students and lecturers – link to and extend the book content. Visit the website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummer For Lecturers: For Students: COVER IMAGES: FRONT AND BACK (BOTTOM LEFT) EVERARD LONGLAND; • Instructor’s Manual • Podcasts introducing sections and ‘Global BACK AND SPINE © STEVE BLOOM/GETTY IMAGES. •• PPoowweerrPPooiinntt lleeccttuurree sslliiddeess Voices’ I • ‘Big Vote’ online with other students on key N T sociological debates 4TR ••• IKWneteyeb rslaioncctkiisovleo qgiuceasl tcioonnscepts explored H EDITODUCTA GLO 4TH EDITION • Videography links IOIOBA NNL • Revision fl ashcards www.pearson-books.com A GLOBAL INTRODUCTION JJoohhnn JJ MMaacciioonniiss is Professor of Sociology at Kenyon College iinn GGaammbbiieerr,, OOhhiioo.. JOHN J MACIONIS & KEN PLUMMER KKeenn PPlluummmmeerr is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex. CVR_MACI1583_04_SE_CVR.indd 1 12/6/08 09:33:39 A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page i SOCIOLOGY Visit the Sociology:A global introduction,fourth edition,Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummerto find valuable student learning material including: • Podcasts introducing key topics in the book and global voices in sociology • Chapter-by-chapter resources,including interactive questions,key sociological concepts explored,web and videography links,and revision flashcards • The Big Vote,allowing you to give your view on a key debate or issue and see what other students think A01.QXD 7/28/09 4:53 PM Page ii Severnaya Zemlya Franz Josef Land SVALBARD New Siberian Islands (to Norway) Novaya Zemlya ICELAND EN FAE(tRo ODEe nISmLaArkN)DSNORWAY SWED FINLAND R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N EST. European ISLE O(Fto M UAKN) DENMARK RFUESDS.. LILTAHT.. Russia Asiatic Russia (to APzoortruesgalC)HANNEILR EISPL(LtAOAoN RNUDTKD.)SA SNDPOARFRMIRASNAOWBNNNILTEAE UZCLVTCG.XAHEO..T.. C SIG.TIMESYLRTL.CMIVEARANNCYOACH.L.UZB.M..TYRP&.OEOHHNPA.L.U.LASNSBELNG.RVB.DKKIM.AORBASOUACMLBUVEGEDO.K.L.AR.TAMUOINLRDEA.KRMEGEENYOIARGIA AAZZE.RB. KTURAKMZEUNZ.ABEKK. HSTKYRATGA.J.N MONGOLIA N. KOREA JAPAN Ca((nttaooWr PSyEM poSI(raTsdat ilEGunadiRsIng)eBpNiadRru lsSaA)tAeLdHT)AARR A(to UK )M AORAOCCLO GERITUANISIAL(oOTnIbUFlyy RMNB KTr.A eIuCSLcrYYHTokGAPg eRRnRyAEUi)EPsS.EedCEEGICSYYRPAPREUTLS SLJYOERRBIDAAIANRBNOAANHQQRAATIANRIKURUW.AAA.IET.N AFPGAHKI.STAN BANGLADNEEPSAHLC BHUTHAN LAIOS N A TASI.W KAONRER(Atyo uJkaypuan I)slands VCEGARUPDIENEEGAA-MBIBSISASAEUNEGAMLGAUUINRITEAANI MBURFAKAISNOL AI NNIGIEGREIAR CHAD SUDANDEJIRBOITURTEIAASRYAEAMUEBDNIAI S(tooc YoOteMrmAaNen) L(taocI scIlanaddniivdaes) I N D IA(AtnoI dsIalnamdniadans)M(BYAUNRMMAA)TRHACI.AMVIEBT.NAM SPR(APdISTAiLsLRpAYAuNCtDPeEdSLH)ILIPPINES NMO(IGRASto(TLURt HAoUAIA NEMUSNRD)SNAS) ASCESN(ItESoI ROSRtN. A HIS eLLlA(eCEInNVLOÔaIDONT)BREEEY RD IC’AIOVOASISARTOE) T GOHMAETN O&AG P(tORoI CAN anCEbQgIiBPno.E ElGdaNaU)ININGE ACAAB MOERONON CONGO C.DCAEO.MRN..RGEOP. UGTAARNBWNZUADARKNEAUNIEATNDN DHAYIIAOP ISAOMASLIEA YCHELLES Agalega IsMlaAnLdDsIVES OBCREIAT(NItSo HT UE IRNKSRD)RIITIA OLN(ARtYNNoI SsKIiIlcnANaodnGbiCdaaAHrs)PROISRT(EtMo AASu IsStLrAaMlNiaDIA) LBN(ARdIUSiYLsNpAESuDNItIDeAdS)O N EEASST TPIAMILOARUAMICPNGRAOUEPWNINUEEASAIA ANGOLA MALAWI COMOROS (to Mauritius) COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS ASHMORE & ST. H(tEoL EUNKA) NAMIBIABOZATMSB.ZIAIMB.MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR MAYORTETUMEN A(tIUOo RNFIr T(atInoU cSFer)ance) (to Australia) CART(tIoE RA IuSsLtAraNliDaS) A T L A N T I C SWAZILAND I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A LESOTHO O C E A N SOUTH O C E A N AFRICA TRISTAN DA CUNHA (to St. Helena) Gough Island (to Tristan da Cunha) Tasmania Prince(t Eo dSwouartdh IAsflraincdas) & ANFRTAENRCC(tToH IF CSr OaTnUEcRTeR)HIETRONRIES MAPPING THE WORLD There are many maps of the world and its regions to be found on the internet. HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS The map here is intended to serve only (to Australia) as a quick general guide and resource as you read this book. For more detail look at: POLITICAL STATUS: MAPS OF THE WORLD Eg. MEXICO: independent state http://www.mapsofworld.com/ Eg. FAEROE ISLANDS (to Denmark): self-governing territory, with parent state indicated GOOGLE MAPS Eg. Andaman Islands (to India): non self-governing territory, with http://maps.google.co.uk/maps parent stated indicated A N T A R C T I C A A01.QXD 7/28/09 4:53 PM Page iii A R C T I C O C E A N Queen Elizabeth Islands GREENLAND (to Denmark) Baffin Island Arctic Circle Alaska (to US) C A N A D A Aleutian Islands (to US) Kurile Islands (to Russ. Fed.) ST. PIERRE & MIQUELON (to France) P A C I F I C U N I T E D S T A T E S A T L A N T I C O C E A N O F A M E R I C A O C E A N BERMUDA (to UK) PUERTO RICO (to US) MIDW(AtoY UISSL)ANDS (tGou Madeexliucpoe) M TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDDSO (tMo .U RKE)P . BRITISVHIR VGIIRNG IISNL AISNLADNS D(tSo (UtoS U)K) EX CAYMAN IS(LtoA UNDKS) BAHAMAS ANSGTU. KILILTATS ( t&o NUEKV)IS Tropic of Cancer I HONDURAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA WAK(tEo IUSLSA)ND H(toa wUaSi )i R(etvoI isMlllaaengxdiigsceod)o CO BELIZE JNACAMUVAABIASCSAA I. HAITI MGDOUONAMTDISNEELIRCORAUAPTE ( t(oto U FKra)nce) MISALRASNHDASL L JOHNSTON ATOLL (to US) CLIPPERTON ISLAND GEULA STAENLMVIACAALDAROARGUA ((ttoo A UNRSeU)tBhA.) N(tEoT NH.e AthN.)T . BASRMTB. AALRDUTOCIINSAIQUE (to France) SIA W(toA LFLraISn &ce F)UTUNA KINGMAN REEF (to US) (to French Polynesia) COSTA RICA VENEZUELA GRENADA PALMYRA ATOLL (to US) PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BHI(StAoOLK AWUENSLRD)A &SND J(AtoR UVISS) ISLAND Ga(latop aEgcousa Idsolar)nds COLOMBIA F(tRo EFNraCnHce )GUIANA Equator NAURU ECUADOR GUYANA K I R I B A T I SURINAME A EA SOLOMON TUVALU TOKELAU P B R A Z I L ISLANDS (to NZ) E COOK R I(StLoA NNZD)S U VANUATU BOLIVIA NEW C(AtoL EFDraOncNeI)A FIJI FREN(CtoH F PrOanLcYeN)ESIA PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn A C(tOo RAAuLs tSrEaAli aIS)LANDS TOSANMGOAA ANMIEUREI C(tAoN NZ) San( tFoe lCixh iIlsel)and L(toor dA uHsoN(ttwroOae lRA iIFausO)lsaLtnrKad lIiSaL)AND K(teor NmZad)ecS( tAIosM lUaOnSA)d PI(StIoLT ACUNAKIDR)SN East(etro ICshlainled) S(taol aC yh iGleo)mez Sa(nt IoAs Clmahnbidrleo)sia TINA URUGUAY Juan F(etron aCnhdileez) Island N NEW CHILE E ZEALAND G R C(tho aNthZa)m Island P A C I F I C A Bounty Island O C E A N Cam(ptboe Nll ZIs)land (to NZ) FALKL(AtoN DU KIS)LANDS Macquarie Island (to Australia) ABBREVIATIONS: AFGH. Afghanistan, ALB. Albania, AUT. Austria, MACED. Macedonia, MOLD. Moldova, MON. Montenegro, SOUTH GEORGIA & AZ. or AZERB. Azerbaijan, BELG. Belgium, BELA. Belarus, NETH. Netherlands, NETH. ANT. Netherlands Antilles, SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS B.&H. Bosnia & Herzegovina, BOTS. Botswana, BULG. Bulgaria, PORT. Portugal, ROM. Romania, RUSS. FED. Russian Federation, (to UK) CAMB. Cambodia, C.A.R. Central African Republic, CRO. Croatia, S.M. San Marino, SLVK. Slovakia, SLVN. Slovenia, SWITZ. Switzerland, CZ. REP. Czech Republic, DOM. REP. Dominican Republic, EST. Estonia, TAJ. Tajikistan, THAI. Thailand, TURKMEN. Turkmenistan, HUNG. Hungary, KOS. Kosovo, KYRG. Kyrgyzstan, LAT. Latvia, U.A.E. United Arab Emirates, UZBEK. Uzbekistan, LIECH. Liechtenstein, LITH. Lithuania, LUX. Luxembourg, VAT. CITY Vatican City, ZIMB. Zimbabwe. Antarctic Circle ANTARCTICA A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page iv appeared.The second section,Our Human Origins, SOCIETY IN HISTORY:TIME LINES shows that plants and animals continued to evolve for billions more years until,approximately 12 million years ago,our earliest human ancestors came onto the scene.In A time line is a visual device that helps us understand the third section ofthis time line,Earliest Civilisation, historical change.The upper time line represents 5 billion we see that what we term civilisation is relatively recent, years ofthe history ofthe planet Earth.This time line is indeed,with the first permanent settlements occurring in divided into three sections,each ofwhich is drawn to a the Middle East a scant 12,000 years ago.But the written different scale oftime.The first section,The Earth’s record ofour species’existence extends back only halfthis Origins,begins with the planet’s origins 5 billion years long,to the time humans invented writing and first before the present (B.P.) and indicates that another full farmed with animal-driven ploughs some 5,000 years B.P. billion years passed before the earliest forms oflife Age of dinosaurs All humans are hunters and gatherers Earth takes Evolutionary divide, form Oldest existing Earliest eventually yielding Bones in Ethiopia fossils mammals humans and apes attest to ‘Stone Age’ human Earliest life Earliest who used tools forms primates and fire. THE EARTH’S ORIGINS OUR HUMAN ORIGINS 5 billion 4 billion 3 billion 2 billion 1 billion 500 million 400 million 300 million 200 million 100 million 1 million B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. World population 1 billion Death rates fall in Europe and United States Colonisation of Opening of US European colonisation Latin America/India Western frontier of Africa (cid:3)Red Cross first established (cid:3) First postage stamp (cid:3)Emancipation of (cid:4)Rousseau’s Gofr eoarct haegset ral Wsuofmfraegne’s Russian serfs Social Contract music (cid:2)First passenger (cid:4)Comte coins the mbeogvienmsent (cid:3)Franco- French Revolution steam train, term ‘sociology’ (cid:4)Charles Prussian War begins England Darwin’s Origin of (cid:3)European (cid:4)Malthus dies Species (cid:4)Karl Marx Enlightenment dies THE MODERN ERA 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 (cid:4)dieAsdam Smith (cid:2)locSotmeaomtive (cid:2)invPehnotetodgraphy (cid:2)invTeenlteegdraph (cid:2)invTeenlteepdhone (cid:2)invLeingthetd bulb invented (cid:2)Rubber (cid:2)Coca Cola condoms (cid:2)Pasteur evolves invented invented germ theory of Industrial Revolution disease transforms Europe Industrialisation underway Adam Smith applauds Comte coins term ‘sociology’ Marx challenges capitalist class conflict capitalism Comte Mpoapluthlautsi owna irnncsr eoaf speerilous Spencer DSpaerwciiens’s’ p‘Oubrilgisinh eodf t(h1e859) A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page v Sociology came into being in the wake ofthe many development ofsociological thought are traced along changes to society wrought by the Industrial the very bottom ofthis time line. Revolution over the last few centuries – just the blink of Events are coded according to the broad themes as an eye in evolutionary perspective.The lower time line follows: provides a close-up look at the events and trends that (cid:2) Technology have defined The Modern Era,most ofwhich are discussed in this text. (cid:3) National/global events and trends Innovations in technology are charted in the panel (cid:4) Sociology as a discipline below the line and provide a useful backdrop for viewing the milestones ofsocial progress highlighted in For Time Lines on the world wide web,see the panel above the line.Major contributions to the www.hyperhistory.com European Middle Ages Earliest horticultural Rise of agriculture and pastoral societies and bureaucracy Roman Empire Domestication Settlement in Settlement in Italian First humans reach of dogs Invention of Nile region Indus region European Renaissance North America the wheel Writing colonisation begins Galileo from Asia via First permanent invented Great pyramids Cave art Peking land bridge sMeitdtdlelem Eeanstst in Horticulture in Hanodr tpicauslttourrael ism Austrianof Egypt BuddChaonfuciusMuhammad Latin America in Asia ‘Iceman’ Moses PlatoJesus EARLIEST CIVILISATION 50,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 B.P. B.P B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. 2 billion 3 billion 4 billion 5 billion Child’s life expectancy Birth rates fall in ‘Baby boom’ Student protests Child’s life Europe and US 76 years (in the west) expectancy Evolution of the European 47 years Economic Community (cid:3) Long period of Conservative government (cid:2)Einstein’s (cid:3)Rapid expansion of in UK: Thatcherism 2D0e0s1truction P Theory (cid:3)Great Depression Sociology in UK universities Newly Industrialising of Twin (cid:3)Herzl’s Theof Relativity Countries (NICs) (e.g. Towers R (cid:4)surFviersyts pinoJ vUeewKrti ysh State BReovlsohluetviiokn (cid:2)MrecsFDtaiorusnrtaalndt’s EFM&em oGmveaeirynmg iMesenmoncvt,ee aT monhfdee S n TBethl:c aeoCc niLkvdei lsw Rbaiiagvnehts TPGheurlafs iiWlaananrd, SFdHiriunrasmgftt a awonpfo otrhrkeein)gaPTcerneirdnsritosargisotn: ES of Booth & (cid:3)Russian (cid:4)G.H. Revolutions GPreonjoemcte WTroardled E (cid:4)sdoecpFiaiorrlstotmgRyeonwtntree (cid:4)DdiueErskmhieleimRevolution(cid:4)C.H. Mdieesad CrehvionleusteiUo nnited (cid:3)colEounrisoapteioann (cid:2)invCenDted iaEnnu Udro SEpSaeRstern KRCroeisfsuoisgveoe Oielsissratghtaaieobndn-- NT aotf CUhniicvaegrsoity (cid:4)SimGmeoerlge (cid:4)MaxCooley dies CAHlhobefefmmrtiasnt Nfoautniodnesd of Africa ends Fdairyst earth dies Weber dies tLaSkDe s‘t 1rispt’ Berlin Wall Fcairssets AIDS (cid:4)Goffman reported dies World World Korean Iraq War Vietnam War War I War II War (2003–) 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 Splitting of (cid:2)First car the atom (cid:2)Invention of (cid:2)Sputnik (cid:2)Space (the Duryea) caaenrosol spray Computer launched (cid:2)First shuttle (cid:4)Foucault (cid:2)Radio (cid:2)invAeenrteodplane (cid:2)Ford (cid:2)Television invented (cid:2)Discovery honu mmaono n dies invented assembly invented First atomic of DNA line explosion in (cid:2)First heart Postindustrial era Hiroshima (cid:2)Cable TV transplant information revolution Durkheim studies suicide Cooley and Mead Du Bois describes Piaget probes how we learn Feminism impacts sociology study the self racial consciousness Simmel analyses small groups Goffman debuts’dramaturgical analysis’ Postmodernism Freud formulates Student protests, + Weber sees expanding bureaucracy psychoanalysis rise of conflict theories Ethnomethodology Multiculturalism A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page vi Dedicated to all those involved in the saving of lives through transplant surgery:especially the skills of doctors,the kindness of carers and the greatest gift of life from the donors and their loved ones. A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page vii SOCIOLOGY A Global Introduction Fourth edition John J. Macionis Ken Plummer A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page viii Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Authorised adaptation from the United States edition,entitled SOCIOLOGY,11th Edition, ISBN:0132184745 by MACIONIS,JOHN J,published by Pearson Education,Inc,publishing as Prentice Hall,Copyright © 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording or by any information storage retrieval system,without permission from Pearson Education,Inc. Fourth adaptation edition published by PEARSON EDUCATION LTD,Copyright © 2008. First published 1997 Second edition published 2002 Third edition published 2005 Fourth edition published 2008 © Prentice Hall Inc.1997 © Pearson Education Limited 2002,2005,2008 The rights of John J.Macionis and Ken Plummer to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise,without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS. ISBN:978-0-13-205158-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 Typeset in 10/12pt Minion by 30 Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda,Italy The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page ix BRIEF CONTENTS Guide to boxes and features xvii Preface:How to use this book xxv About the authors xxxi Guided tour to the book and website xxxii Acknowledgements xxxvi Part One: Introducing Sociology 1 1 The Sociological Imagination 2 2 Thinking Sociologically,Thinking Globally 26 3 Doing Social Science:An Introduction to Method 50 Interlude 1:Sociological Thinking about Sport 81 Part Two:The Foundations of Society: From Macro to Micro 87 4 Societies 88 5 Culture 126 6 Groups,Organisations and the Rise of the Network Society 160 7 Micro-sociology:the Social Construction of Everyday Life 190 Interlude 2:Introducing a Sociology of Food 222 Part Three:The Unequal World: Social Divisions, Social Inequalities and Social Exclusion 229 8 Social Divisions and Social Stratification 230 9 Global Inequalities and Poverty 260 10 Class,Poverty and Welfare 298 11 Racism,Ethnicities and Migration 326 12 The Gender Order and Sexualities 364 13 Age Stratification,Children and Later Life 402 14 Disabilities,Care and the Humanitarian Society 432 Interlude 3:Social Divisions and Global Youth 458

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Sociology: A Global Introduction, with its international outlook and cultural diversity, represents a unique and complete learning resource for sociology students worldwide. Each chapter addresses a new change in society, and reveals how progress in society often comes at a price. This text has been
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.