Sociology

613 Pages·2011·71.973 MB·English

by  Richard T. Schaefer

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RICHARD T. SCHAEFER
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sociology
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sociology
13th edition
Richard T. Schaefer
DePaul University
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dedication
To my granddaughter, Tillie, and her parents, Peter and Margaret,
for a wonderful life together.
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about the author
Richard T. S chaefer : Professor, DePaul University
B.A. Northwestern University
M.A., Ph.D. University of Chicago
Growing up in Chicago at a time when neighborhoods were going through transitions in
ethnic and racial composition, Richard T. Schaefer found himself increasingly intrigued
by what was happening, how people were reacting, and how these changes were af-
fecting neighborhoods and people’s jobs. His interest in social issues caused him to
gravitate to sociology courses at Northwestern University, where he eventually received
a BA in sociology.
“Originally as an undergraduate I thought I would go on to law school and become a
lawyer. But after taking a few sociology courses, I found myself wanting to learn more
about what sociologists studied, and fascinated by the kinds of questions they raised.”
This fascination led him to obtain his MA and PhD in sociology from the University of
Chicago. Dr. Schaefer’s continuing interest in race relations led him to write his mas-
ter’s thesis on the membership of the Ku Klux Klan and his doctoral thesis on racial
prejudice and race relations in Great Britain.
Dr. Schaefer went on to become a professor of sociology, and now teaches at DePaul
University in Chicago. In 2004 he was named to the Vincent DePaul professorship in
recognition of his undergraduate teaching and scholarship. He has taught introduc-
tory sociology for over 35 years to students in colleges, adult education programs,
nursing programs, and even a maximum-security prison. Dr. Schaefer’s love of teaching
is apparent in his interaction with his students. “I find myself constantly learning from
the students who are in my classes and from reading what they write. Their insights
into the material we read or current events that we discuss often become part of future
course material and sometimes even find their way into my writing.”
Dr. Schaefer is the author of the ninth edition of S ociology: A Brief Introduction
( McGraw-Hill, 2011), Sociology in Modules (McGraw-Hill, 2011), and of the fifth edition
of Sociology Matters (McGraw-Hill, 2012). He is also the author of R acial and Ethnic
Groups, now in its thirteenth edition (2012), and R ace and Ethnicity in the United States,
seventh edition, both published by Pearson. Together with William Zellner, he coau-
thored the ninth edition of E xtraordinary Groups, published by Worth in 2011. Dr. Schae-
fer served as the general editor of the three-volume Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity,
and Society, published by Sage in 2008. His articles and book reviews have appeared
in many journals, including A merican Journal of Sociology; Phylon: A Review of Race and
Culture; Contemporary Sociology; Sociology and Social Research; Sociological Quarterly;
and Teaching Sociology. He served as president of the Midwest Sociological Society in
1994–1995.
Dr. Schaefer’s advice to students is to “look at the material and make connections
to your own life and experiences. Sociology will make you a more attentive observer of
how people in groups interact and function. It will also make you more aware of peo-
ple’s different needs and interests—and perhaps more ready to work for the common
good, while still recognizing the individuality of each person.”
v
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brief contents
Chapter Opening Excerpts xiv
Boxed Features xv
Social Policy Sections x vii
Maps xviii
Summing Up Tables xviii
Preface xix
1
PART The Sociological Perspective
1 Understanding Sociology . . . 2
2 Sociological Research . . . 26
2
PART Organizing Social Life
3 Culture . . . 50
4 Socialization . . . 74
5 Social Interaction and Social Structure . . . 96
6 Groups and Organizations . . . 116
7 The Mass Media . . . 134
8 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control . . . 156
3
PART Social Inequality
9 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States . . . 184
1 0 Global Inequality . . . 212
1 1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality . . . 234
1 2 Stratification by Gender . . . 264
1 3 Stratification by Age . . . 286
4
PART Social Institutions
1 4 The Family and Intimate Relationships . . . 304
1 5 Religion . . . 328
1 6 Education . . . 348
1 7 Government and Politics . . . 368
1 8 The Economy and Work . . . 390
1 9 Health and the Environment . . . 408
5
PART Changing Society
2 0 Population, Communities, and Urbanization . . . 436
2 1 Collective Behavior and Social Movements . . . 460
2 2 Social Change in the Global Community . . . 482
Glossary 499
References 507
Acknowledgments 535
Photo Credits 538
N ame Index 5 40
Subject Index 547
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contents Applied and Clinical Sociology 18 2
PART
Developing a Sociological Imagination 19
Sociology in the Global Community: Organizing Social Life
Your Morning Cup of Coffee 20
Chapter Opening Excerpts xiv
Appendix: Careers in Sociology 21
Boxed Features xv
Social Policy Sections xvii
Maps xviii
Summing Up Tables xviii
1
PART
3
The Sociological Culture 50
2
Perspective Sociological What Is Culture? 53
Research 26 Cultural Universals 54
Ethnocentrism 54
What Is the Scientific
Cultural Relativism 54
Method? 29
Sociobiology and Culture 54
Defining the Problem 29
Sociology in the Global Community:
Reviewing the Literature 30
Cultural Genocide 55
Formulating the Hypothesis 30
Development of Culture
Collecting and Analyzing Data 31
around the World 56
Developing the Conclusion 32
Innovation 56
In Summary: The Scientific Method 33
Sociology in the Global Community: Life
1 Major Research Designs 34
Understanding in the Global Village 57
Surveys 34
Sociology 2 Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology 57
Research Today: Surveying Cell Phone
Sociology in the Global Community:
What Is Sociology? 5 Users 35
Cultural Survival in Brazil 58
The Sociological Imagination 5 Ethnography 36
Cultural Variation 59
Sociology and the Social Sciences 5 Experiments 37
Subcultures 59
Sociology and Common Sense 8 Use of Existing Sources 37
Countercultures 60
What Is Sociological Theory? 8 Research Today: What’s in a
Culture Shock 60
Name? 38
The Development of Sociology 9 Role of Language 60
Ethics of Research 38
Early Thinkers 9 Language: Written and Spoken 60
Confidentiality 39
Émile Durkheim 10 Nonverbal Communication 62
Conflict of Interest 39
Max Weber 10
Norms and Values 62
Taking Sociology to Work: Dave
Karl Marx 11
Eberbach, Research Coordinator, Norms 62
W. E. B. DuBois 11
United Way of Central Iowa 40
Sanctions 64
Twentieth-Century Developments 12
Value Neutrality 40 Values 64
Major Theoretical
Feminist Methodology 41 Global Culture War 65
Perspectives 13
The Data-Rich Future 42 Sociology on Campus:
Functionalist Perspective 13
A Culture of Cheating? 66
Conflict Perspective 14 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Culture and the Dominant
Interactionist Perspective 15 RESEARCH: STUDYING HUMAN
Ideology 67
The Sociological Approach 16 SEXUALITY 42
Research Today: Looking at the Gulf Appendix I: Using Statistics and Case Study: Culture at
Coast Oil Spill from Four Sociological Graphs 44 Walmart 68
Perspectives 17
Appendix II: Writing a Research
SOCIAL POLICY AND CULTURE:
Taking Sociology with You 18 Report 45
BILINGUALISM 68
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viii Elements of Social Structure 100 The Postmodern Job 128
Statuses 100 Taking Sociology to Work: Sarah
Levy, Owner, Sarah’s Pastries &
s Social Roles 101
nt Candies 129
e
nt Research Today: Disability as a Master
Co Status 102 SOCIAL POLICY AND
ORGANIZATIONS: THE STATE
Taking Sociology to Work: Danielle
OF THE UNIONS WORLDWIDE 130
Taylor, Account Manager, Cash
Cycle Solutions 103
4 Groups 103
Socialization 74
Social Institutions 103
The Role of Socialization 77 Social Networks 105
Social Environment: The Impact of
Research Today: Social Networks and
Isolation 77
Obesity 106
The Influence of Heredity 78
Virtual Worlds 107
The Self and Socialization 80
Case Study: The Second Life Virtual
Sociological Approaches to the Self 80
World 107 7
Sociology on Campus: Impression The Mass Media 134
Management by Students 82 Social Structure in Global
Sociological Perspectives on the
Psychological Approaches to the Self 82 Perspective 108
Media 137
Agents of Socialization 83 Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic
Functionalist View 137
Solidarity 108
Family 84 Conflict View 140
Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 108
Research Today: Rum Springa: Raising Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Research Today: Diversity in Reality
Children Amish Style 85 Approach 109 Television 144
School 85 Sociology in the Global Community:
Peer Group 85 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL The Global Disconnect 145
STRUCTURE: MEDIA
Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet CONCENTRATION 112 Feminist View 145
Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Interactionist View 146
Child Care Law Center 86
The Audience 148
Mass Media and Technology 86
Who Is in the Audience? 148
Workplace 87
The Segmented Audience 148
Research Today: Online Socializing:
Audience Behavior 149
A New Agent of Socialization 88
The Media’s Global Reach 150
Religion and the State 88
Socialization throughout the Life Sociology in the Global Community:
Al Jazeera Is on the
Course 89
Air 151
The Life Course 89 6
Groups and SOCIAL POLICY AND THE MASS
Anticipatory Socialization and
MEDIA: THE RIGHT TO
Resocialization 89 Organizations 116
PRIVACY 152
SOCIAL POLICY AND Understanding Groups 119
SOCIALIZATION: CHILD CARE
Types of Groups 119
AROUND THE WORLD 91
Studying Small Groups 121
Research Today: The Drinking Rape
Victim: Jury Decision Making 122
Understanding Organizations 123
Formal Organization and
Bureaucracies 123
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy 124
8
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture 126
Deviance, Crime, and
Sociology in the Global Community:
Social Control 156
5 McDonald’s and the Worldwide
Social Interaction
Bureaucratization of Society 127 What Is Deviance? 159
and Social Structure 96
The Changing Workplace 128 Deviance and Social Stigma 159
Social Interaction and Reality 99 Organizational Restructuring 128 Deviance and Technology 160
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Social Control 161 Sociological Perspectives on Sociology in the Global Community: ix
Stratification 192 Income Inequality: A Global
Conformity and Obedience 161
Perspective 219
Informal and Formal Social Control 163 Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation 192 C
Worldwide Poverty 220 on
Sociology on Campus: Binge Max Weber’s View of Stratification 193 Modernization 222 ten
Drinking 164 Interactionist View 193 ts
Stratification within Nations:
Law and Society 164 Is Stratification Universal? 193
A Comparative
Sociological Perspectives on Functionalist View 194
Perspective 223
Deviance 166 Conflict View 194
Distribution of Wealth
Lenski’s Viewpoint 195
Functionalist Perspective 166 and Income 223
Interactionist Perspective 167 Stratification by Social Social Mobility 223
Class 195
Research Today: Does Crime Sociology in the Global Community:
Pay? 168 Objective Method of Measuring Social Stratification in Brazil 224
Labeling Theory 169 Class 195 Case Study: Stratification
Conflict Theory 170 Gender and Occupational Prestige 196 in Mexico 226
Feminist Perspective 171 Multiple Measures 196
SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBAL
Crime 171 Income and Wealth 197
INEQUALITY: RETHINKING
Types of Crime 172 Poverty 198 WELFARE IN EUROPE AND NORTH
AMERICA 229
Sociology on Campus: Campus
Studying Poverty 199
Crime 173
Research Today: Precarious
Crime Statistics 175
Work 200
Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie
Who Are the Poor? 200
Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret
Feminization of Poverty 201
Service 177
The Underclass 201
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL
Explaining Poverty 202
CONTROL: THE DEATH PENALTY
IN THE UNITED STATES AND Life Chances 202
WORLDWIDE 178
Social Mobility 203
11
Open versus Closed Stratification Racial and Ethnic
3 Systems 203
PART Inequality 234
Types of Social Mobility 203
Social Inequality Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Sociology on Campus: Social Class and
Financial Aid 204 Groups 237
Social Mobility in the United States 205 Minority Groups 237
Race 237
SOCIAL POLICY AND
Ethnicity 240
STRATIFICATION: EXECUTIVE
COMPENSATION 207 Prejudice and
Discrimination 240
Prejudice 240
Color-Blind Racism 240
Discriminatory Behavior 241
9 The Privileges of the Dominant 243
Stratification and
Taking Sociology to Work: Prudence
Social Mobility in the Hannis, Liaison Officer, National
United States 184 Institute of Science Research,
University of Québec 244
Systems of Stratification 187 10
Global Institutional Discrimination 244
Slavery 187
Inequality 212 Sociological Perspectives
Castes 188
on Race and
Estates 189 The Global Divide 215
Ethnicity 245
Social Classes 189
Stratification in the World
Functionalist Perspective 245
Taking Sociology to Work: Jessica
System 216
Conflict Perspective 245
Houston Su, Research Assistant,
Joblessness and Urban Poverty The Legacy of Colonialism 216 Labeling Perspective 246
Research Program 190 Multinational Corporations 218 Interactionist Perspective 246
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