Socioeconomics of Rice Aquaculture and IPM IN THE PHILIPPINES

279 Pages·2010·1.99 MB·English

Socioeconomics of Rice Aquculture and IPM in the Philippines: Synergies,
Potentials and Problems. 1999. G. Hostkotte-Wesseler. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 57, 225 p. S
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TITLES OF RELATED INTEREST e
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Rice-fish research and development in Asia. 1992. C.R. dela Cruz, C. Lightfoot, B.A. Costa-Pierce, V.R. Carangal
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and M.P. Bimbao, Editors. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 24, 457 p.
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Environmental impact of the golden snail (Pomacea sp.) on rice farming systems in the Philippines.
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1991. B.O. Acosta and R.S.V. Pullin, Editors. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 28, 34 p. c
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Role of fish in enhancing ricefield ecology and in integrated pest management. 1994. C.R. dela Cruz, o
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Editor. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 43, 50 p.

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Modeling and analyzing the agroecological performance of farms with ECOPATH. 1998. J.P.T. Dalsgaard c
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Integrating aquaculture with rice farming in Bangladesh: feasibility and economic viability, its adoption q RRiiccee AAqquuaaccuullttuurree aanndd IIPPMM
and impact. 1998. M.V. Gupta, J.D. Sollows, M.A. Mazid, A. Rahman, M.G. Hussain and M.M. Dey. ICLARM u
Tech. Rep. 55, 90 p. a
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Research and education for the development of integrated crop-livestock-fish farming systems in the IINN TTHHEE PPHHIILLIIPPPPIINNEESS::
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tropics. P. Edwards, R.S.V. Pullin and J.A. Gartner. 1988. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 16, 53 p.
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se Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Center for Living Aquatic INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
le Technische Zusammenarbeit Resources Management
r
Socioeconomics of
Rice-Aquaculture and IPM
in the Philippines:
Synergies, Potential and Problems
Gesa Horstkotte-Wesseler
1999
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit
International Center for Living Aquatic
Resources Management
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
i
Socioeconomics of Rice-Aquaculture and IPM in the Philippines:
Synergies, Potential and Problems
Gesa Horstkotte-Wesseler
1999
Published by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5, 65760
Eschborn, Germany; International Center for Living Aquatic
Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati City,
Metro Manila, Philippines; and International Rice Research
Institute, MCPO Box 3127, Makati City 1271, Philippines.
Printed in Manila, Philippines
Horstkotte-Wesseler, G. 1999. Socioeconomics of rice-aquaculture
and IPM in the Philippines: synergies, potential and problems.
ICLARM Tech. Rep. 57, 225 p.
Technical editor: Mark Prein
Copyeditor: Jeanette Rive
Coordinators: Lhai Kasala and Sheila Siar
Cover designer and layout artist: Mayanne Wenceslao
Typesetter: Lhai Kasala
Cover: Upper photo – Nile tilapia at consumable size such as grown in rice-fish
culture systems (photo by Mark Prein).
Lower photo – farmer and researcher during monitoring interview at rice-fish field
in Antique, Panay Island, Philippines (photo by Gesa Horstkotte-Wesseler).
ISBN 971-802-004-7
ISSN 0115-5547
ICLARM Contribution No. 1498
ICLARM is one of the 16 international research
centers of the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated
the public awareness campaign, Future Harvest.
ii Socioeconomics of Rice-Aquaculture and IPM in the Philippines: Synergies, Potential and Problems
Contents
Foreword • Meryl J. Williams v
Foreword • Ronald P. Cantrell vii
Foreword • Hermann Waibel ix
Acknowledgements xi
Executive summary xiii
List of acronyms and abbreviations used xvi
Color plates xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Problem analysis and objectives 5
Sustainability of intensive rice production systems 5
Developments in marine fisheries and aquaculture 8
The widening gap between rice and fish prices 10
Income and nutrition in rural Philippines 14
Objectives of the study 17
3 Small-scale aquaculture in rice-based farming systems 19
Ricefield ecology 19
Definition and classification of aquaculture systems in rice 21
History and current status of rice-aquaculture in Asia 23
Preconditions and requirements of aquaculture systems in rice 25
Effects of fish on the ricefield ecosystem 27
Tilapia production in the Philippines 29
4 Pest control in irrigated rice in Asia 31
Some technical aspects of rice pests and pesticides 31
Development of the rice pesticide market in the Philippines 32
Pest management practices of rice farmers in the Philippines 33
Farm-level economics of pesticide use in rice 34
Integrated pest management in rice—the emergence 38
of a new paradigm
The role of rice-aquaculture in IPM 42
5 Theoretical foundations of farming systems development 47
Different approaches in development economics 47
Determinants of integrated farming systems 50
The allocation of resources in farm production theory: 53
the two-product case
Farm household theory and the choice of enterprises 58
Complementarity between technology and enterprises—are there 65
positive externalities of IPM?
Hypotheses 67
iii
6 Description of farm–household systems in the study areas 69
Rice production technology 71
Diversity in rice-based farming systems 75
Labor requirements for rice production activities 83
Additional labor requirements for rice-aquaculture and IPM 86
Time allocation of rice farm households in Antique 87
7 The role of aquatic ricefield organisms in farm household nutrition 93
Utilization pattern of aquatic organisms from ricefields 93
Food consumption of rice farmers in two Philippine provinces 96
Preferences for different types of fish among women in Antique 103
8 Exploring complementarities between IPM and ALM 107
Construction of scales for IPM and ALM 107
Data collection 108
Differences between trained and untrained farmers for 111
individual scale items
Analysis of the scales 116
9 Economic assessment of rice-aquaculture and IPM 119
Partial analyses 119
Whole-farm analyses 124
Results 141
10 Discussion and conclusions 159
IPM, rice-aquaculture and environmental sustainability 159
of rice production
The role of rice-aquaculture in nutrition 161
The income effect of rice-aquaculture and IPM 163
11 Summary 169
12 References 175
13 Appendices 189
Appendix 1 List of plants, animals and local terms 189
mentioned in the text
Appendix 2 Chapter 2 figures and tables 192
Appendix 3 Listing of surveys and monitoring activities 194
Appendix 4 Chapter 6 figures and tables 196
Appendix 5 Description of activity categories used 203
in the time allocation study
Appendix 6 Wealth ranking in Catungan IV 205
Appendix 7 Rationale for items included in the IPM 206
and ALM scale
Appendix 8 Scatterplot of scale values for IPM 210
and ALM trained and untrained farmers
Appendix 9 Chapter 9 Tables 211
Appendix 10 Simplified matrix of the LP model 223
iv Socioeconomics of Rice-Aquaculture and IPM in the Philippines: Synergies, Potential and Problems
Foreword
Rice farming covers nearly one-third of the arable land of Asia. In the Philippines, rice is planted over
about 45% of the total crop area. Rice farms are not only large users of crop land but also large con-
sumers of water and therefore ICLARM has long been interested in how the potential for fish
production could be improved within ricefields and their water systems. Coupled with ICLARM’s
interest in finding new and environmentally sustainable ways to produce the additional fish needed
by growing populations, ICLARM was pleased to associate itself with the work reported in this tech-
nical report. Typical of work of the many aspects of farm decisionmaking, the study’s author drew to-
gether many different partners, including the farming families themselves.
The study shows results that are useful for policymakers wishing to promote new diversification
opportunities in the crop sector. They show some of the complexities in understanding farming
households and farm labor use and how people make decisions on what crops to grow, how to allo-
cate family labor and how best to feed the family. The study also goes beyond just fish farming in
ricefields and considers the role of naturally occurring aquatic organisms in ricefields, such as frogs,
snails and wild fish. Many of these organisms will return to the ricefields with the use of integrated
pest management (IPM) and the consequent reduction in the use of pesticides.
The study showed that seemingly good technical options such as growing fish in ricefields were
often not in accord with the capital resources of rice-farming families, nor were the fish grown as
affordable as other types of animal protein. Freshwater fish grown in ricefields were often not the pre-
ferred species for farming families. The high value of fish, however, enabled the farmers to market
their harvests.
Further power is given to the conclusions of the study by the comparative analysis of the two dif-
ferent regions, namely, inland Nueva Ecija that is one of the premier rice growing areas, and Antique,
a less favored area for development. The results illustrate how market forces favor rice monoculture
and how farmers’ own preferences for more controlled fish pond culture works against rice-aquacul-
ture. The comparative analysis also demonstrates the need to disaggregate rice farming systems when
considering their potential for diversification.
Presently, training in IPM technology is not useful in helping fish culture, but new courses could
be designed to overcome this constraint. Therefore, although rice-aquaculture can be profitable, the
constraints to its adoption at household level must be understood if its adoption is to be more wide-
spread.
Meryl J. Williams
Director General
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management
References:
International Rice Research Institute, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical and West African Rice Deve-
lopment Association. 1997. Rice almanac. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 181 p.
Lightfoot, C.L., B.A. Costa-Pierce, V.R. Carangal and M.P. Bimbao, editors. 1992. Rice-fish research and develop-
ment in Asia. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 24, 457 p.
Dela Cruz, C.R., editor. 1994. Role of fish in enhancing rice field ecology in integrated pest management. ICLARM.
Conf. Proc. 43, 50 p.
Gupta, M.V., J.D. Sollows, M.A. Mazid, A. Rahman, M.G. Hussain and M.M. Dey. 1998. Integrating aquaculture
with rice farming in Bangladesh: feasibility and economic viability, its adoption and impact. ICLARM Tech. Rep.
55, 90 p.
v
vi Socioeconomics of Rice-Aquaculture and IPM in the Philippines: Synergies, Potential and Problems
Foreword
The more developed regions of the world will enter the new millenium with a stationary population,
and may face the problem of declining internal demand for food and disposal of surplus. But the
population explosion is still continuing in the less developed regions, particularly in countries where
poverty and hunger are widespread. These countries are equipped with only limited financial ability
to procure food from the world market. Demographers project that the population of the less devel-
oped regions will increase by another 2.2 billion within the next three decades. Two-thirds of this ad-
ditional number will be located in Africa and South Asia. The national agricultural research systems
and the international agricultural research centers will thus continue to face the problem of how to
support increasing food supply for the rapidly growing population, while releasing resources for the
growing nonfarm sectors of the economy.
In humid Asia, water in the lowland paddy fields is a resource that has not yet been fully exploited
in our quest for producing more food. Indeed large-scale water development projects that have sup-
ported increasing rice production have reduced the habitat for naturally occurring aquatic animals.
While in the past IRRI and ICLARM separately dealt with research on rice and fish, promoting the
combination of rice-fish farming systems offers a new way to exploit synergistic effects of two pro-
duction subsystems and to achieve food security with sustainable farming practices.
This study has brought IRRI and ICLARM together in understanding farmers’ current practice of
rice-fish systems and in analyzing their potential contribution to household income, food security and
balanced nutrition. This study was conducted in two provinces, namely, Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon,
a more market-oriented environment, and Antique in Panay Island province, a more subsistence-
oriented environment. With the use of the linear programming (LP) model, the author has demon-
strated the potential positive impact of rice-aquaculture and/or integrated pest management (IPM)
practices on farm household incomes and nutrition. This study also showed that while women tend
to overwork in the farm and on expenditure-saving home-based activities to augment household
incomes, men could utilize part of their leisure time for labor-intensive technologies such as rice
aquaculture and IPM. The author argues that the pressure to generate more income, distance from
rivers and coastal area for exploiting opportunities for commercial fishing, rice paddies providing
habitat for preferred fish species, proximity of the rice-fish field to the homestead, and use of wild
aquatic organisms as predators for rice pests, are key favorable factors for the promotion of large-
scale rice aquaculture and IPM. An important finding of this study is that there is no significant asso-
ciation between IPM and aquatic life management (ALM).
While there are niches for rice-aquaculture farming systems, as practiced in the Philippines, it is
not yet adopted on a large scale due to various constraints, including access to efficient marketing
network and inadequate demonstration of profitable technological options. Research institutions
must collaborate with extension agencies including nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to involve
both men and women farmers in the design and promotion of the rice-aquaculture farming system,
demonstrate integrated pest control for both rice and fish, and conduct training for improved under-
standing of IPM and ALM. We hope this book will contribute to raising awareness among
policymakers and development agencies regarding the potential of utilizing water resources in rice
paddies for producing more food in the humid tropics, and the allocation of additional resources for
research and extension activities.
Ronald P. Cantrell
Director General
International Rice Research Institute
vii
viii Socioeconomics of Rice-Aquaculture and IPM in the Philippines: Synergies, Potential and Problems
Foreword
Studies that deal with transdisciplinary issues are sparse because they require scientists to be multi-
disciplined and to venture into the sphere of other interest groups. A good example is the study of the
socioeconomics of integrated rice fish culture in Asia.
While integrated rice-fish culture, like many integrated farming systems, became marginalized
as a result of the dominance by the differentiating forces in the agricultural sector, it was realized that
aquatic organisms do play a role in modern rice culture. Although aquatic products from wetland
ricefields may not reach a large market share, they are a decisive element in the nutrition of the rural
landless poor in particular. The assumption that the benefits of intensive modern rice culture allow to
ignore its externalities was proven wrong. Of special interest in this context is the excessive use of
pesticides in ricefields with its negative effects on human health and its threat to the ecology of rice
production systems. The response of national and international research and development organiza-
tions was to introduce the concept of integrated pest management. At the same time, the rediscovery
of the importance of aquatic organisms by NGOs and national governments has led to programs in
support of rice-fish culture systems for small-scale farmers. The International Center for Living
Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) became the focal point of this undertaking. Unfortu-
nately, both programs, integrated pest management and integrated rice-fish culture remained below
expectations. Most remarkably, despite many commonalities, communication between both groups
was almost nonexistent prior to the study of Gesa Horstkotte-Wesseler. Her research tackles this
communication gap and investigates the complementarity between the multiproduct system
`integrated rice-fish culture’ and a rice management technology like IPM. One of the important by-
products of her work was to join forces between two international organizations: the International
Rice Research Institute and ICLARM. Although this task was an input to the research, the fact that it
took place has turned this activity into an output itself.
The findings of this research do not promote specific production systems but they show the niches
where there is a role for aquatic resources management in increasing income for small-scale, subsis-
tence farmers, in balancing the supply of animal protein for marginalized people throughout the year
and, most importantly, in demonstrating the ecosystem interactions on which intensive production
systems still depend. It is probably the last point that underlines the value added of this research:
showing that also in modern intensive rice cultivation there are more concerns than short-term pro-
duction efficiency. Results of the study support ICLARM’s priority in the context of its strategic plan.
The study may serve as an important reference for the planning of aquatic resources management
interventions and their relationships to other production systems.
Hermann Waibel
Hannover, March 1999
ix