Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology, Ninth Edition PDF
Preview Society in Focus: An Introduction to Sociology, Ninth Edition
Society in Focus AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY NINTH EDITION WILLIAM E. THOMPSON Texas A&M University–Commerce JOSEPH V. HICKEY Emporia State University, Emeritus MICA L. THOMPSON Texas A&M University–Commerce ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Executive Editor: Nancy Roberts Assistant Editor: Megan Manzano Senior Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker Interior Designer: Kathy Mrozek Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2019 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Thompson, William E. (William Edwin), 1950– author. | Hickey, Joseph V., author. | Thompson, Mica L., 1980– author. Title: Society in focus : an introduction to sociology / William E. Thompson, Texas A&M University—Commerce, Joseph V. Hickey, Emporia State University, Emeritus, Mica L. Thompson, Texas A&M University—Commerce. Description: Ninth edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2019 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018030607 (print) | LCCN 2018033457 (ebook) | ISBN 978-1-5381-1623-4 (ebook) | ISBN 978-1-5381-1622-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. Classification: LCC HM586 (ebook) | LCC HM586 .T47 2019 (print) | DDC 301—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030607 ∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America BRIEF CONTENTS PART 1 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER 01 Discovering Sociology 2 CHAPTER 02 Doing Sociology 28 PART 2 SOCIAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 03 Society and Culture 56 CHAPTER 04 Socialization 86 CHAPTER 05 Social Interaction in Everyday Life 115 CHAPTER 06 Social Groups, Organizations, and Bureaucracies 140 PART 3 SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INEQUALITY CHAPTER 07 Deviance and Conformity 164 CHAPTER 08 Social Stratification and the U.S. Class System 195 CHAPTER 09 Global Stratification 222 CHAPTER 10 Race and Ethnicity 247 CHAPTER 11 Sex and Gender 272 CHAPTER 12 Age and the Elderly 304 PART 4 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 13 Families 334 CHAPTER 14 Education 362 CHAPTER 15 Religion 395 CHAPTER 16 Government, Politics, and War 423 CHAPTER 17 The Economy and Work 452 CHAPTER 18 Health and Medicine 480 PART 5 SOCIAL CHANGE CHAPTER 19 Population, Urbanization, and Ecology 508 CHAPTER 20 Social Change, Collective Behavior, and the Future 536 CBOKNFMTE TNTTLS Preface xii Authority 31 About the Authors xvi Science 31 SOCIOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 32 Sociology as a Science 32 PART 1 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The Theory-Building Process 32 The Scientific Method 35 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research 36 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Sociology 2 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH DESIGNS 37 Learning Outcomes 2 Types of Research 37 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 3 Sociological Focus 2.1 The Sociologist as The Sociological Imagination 4 Voyeur 38 Understanding Life in a Global Society 5 Quantitative Research Designs 38 Recognizing Diversity 6 Qualitative Research Designs 41 THINGS ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM: SOCIOLOGY Combining Research Methods 43 AND CRITICAL THINKING 6 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND Sociological Focus 1.1 Critical Thinking and METHODS 44 Sociology: Common Sense versus Common The Interactionist Perspective 44 Nonsense 8 The Functionalist Perspective 44 TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT MEDIA AND The Conflict Perspective 45 TECHNOLOGY 9 Feminist Theory 45 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY 13 SOCIAL RESEARCH AND THE MEDIA 47 The Changing Social Climate: The Industrial Infotainment: Information and Entertainment 47 Revolution 13 Pseudoscientific Polling versus Survey Research 47 The Changing Intellectual Climate: The Rise of Technology and Research 49 Science 14 Sociological Focus 2.2 Lies, Damned Lies, and Early European Sociology 14 Statistics: Reporting Facts or Creating Virtual Sociology Crosses the Atlantic 16 Truth? 50 CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY 17 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 51 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 17 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME The Structural Functionalist Perspective 19 ASSESSMENT 52 The Conflict Perspective 20 Feminist Theory 21 Which Perspective Is Best? 22 PART 2 SOCIAL FRAMEWORK Thinking Sociologically: Taking an Integrated Approach 23 CHAPTER 3 Society and Culture 56 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 24 Learning Outcomes 56 Sociological Focus 1.2 Sociology in the “Real World”: What Sociologists Do 25 WHAT IS SOCIETY? 58 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME TYPES OF SOCIETIES 59 ASSESSMENT 26 MEDIA, TECHNOLOGY, AND POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES 60 CHAPTER 2 Doing Sociology 28 Sociological Focus 3.1 Virtual Societies 61 Learning Outcomes 28 WHAT IS CULTURE? 62 Material and Nonmaterial Culture 62 GLOBALIZATION, DIVERSITY, AND TYPES OF The Origin of Culture 63 KNOWLEDGE 29 Experience 30 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 64 Cultural Tradition 30 Symbols 65 Faith 30 Language 65 Contents / v Beliefs 67 UNDERSTANDING SOCIALIZATION 108 Values 67 Becoming Human: A Symbolic Interactionist Norms 69 Approach 109 Sanctions 71 Perpetuating Society and Culture: A Structural Functionalist Viewpoint 109 ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM 71 Maintaining Existing Inequalities: The Conflict Culture Shock 71 Perspective 110 Ethnocentrism 72 Understanding the Gender Dimension: A Feminist Cultural Relativism 72 Perspective 110 Sociological Focus 3.2 The Nacirema 73 The Relativist Fallacy 74 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 112 GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY 74 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Subcultures 75 ASSESSMENT 113 Countercultures 76 Multiculturalism 76 CHAPTER 5 Social Interaction in Everyday Life 115 From Modern to Postmodern Culture 77 Learning Outcomes 115 Culture, Class, and the Media 78 SOCIAL STRUCTURE 116 Ideal and Real Culture 79 Statuses 117 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SOCIETY Roles 119 AND CULTURE 80 Sociological Focus 5.1 Prisoners and Guards in a Mock Society, Culture, and Functionalism 80 Prison 120 Society and Culture from the Conflict Social Networks 122 Perspective 81 Social Institutions 123 Symbolic Interactionism, Society, and SOCIAL INTERACTION 123 Culture 81 Patterns of Social Interaction 124 A Feminist View of Society and Culture 82 Social Perception and Stereotypes 125 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 82 Social Acts 126 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Sociological Focus 5.2 Interacting with Santa Claus at ASSESSMENT 84 the Mall 127 Personal Space and Nonverbal Communication 128 Defining Social Situations 130 CHAPTER 4 Socialization 86 Dramaturgy: Presentation of Self and Impression Learning Outcomes 86 Management 130 THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS 87 Ethnomethodology: The “Taken-for-Granted” Aspects of Nature and Nurture 87 Interaction 131 Sociobiology and the Importance of Heredity SOCIAL INTERACTION, MEDIA, AND and Environment 88 TECHNOLOGY 132 The Effects of Social Isolation 89 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO INTERACTION IN Developing a Social Self 90 EVERYDAY LIFE 134 MAJOR AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION: The Structural Functionalist Approach 134 A GLOBAL VIEW 92 The Conflict Perspective 135 The Family 92 The Symbolic Interactionist Approach 136 The School 93 A Feminist Viewpoint 137 Religion 95 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 137 Peers 95 The Workplace 96 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Media and Technology 97 ASSESSMENT 139 Sociological Focus 4.1 Technology and Toddlers: Socialization in the Age of Computers 100 CHAPTER 6 Social Groups, Organizations, SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE 102 and Bureaucracies 140 Socialization in Childhood and Adolescence 102 Learning Outcomes 140 Adult Socialization 104 SOCIAL GROUPS 141 Sociological Focus 4.2 Looking for a Few Good (Wo) Primary and Secondary Groups 142 Men: Resocialization in a Marine Corps In-Groups and Out-Groups 143 Boot Camp 106 Reference Groups 144 DESOCIALIZATION AND RESOCIALIZATION 107 Small Group Dynamics 145 vi \ Contents Sociological Focus 6.1 Cybergroups 148 DEVIANCE, CONFORMITY, AND SOCIAL CONTROL 188 FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS 150 Social Control and Deterrence 188 Types of Organizations 150 Voluntary (or Internalized) Social Control 188 Contemporary Organizations 150 Informal Social Control 188 BUREAUCRACIES 151 Formal Social Control: Crime and the Criminal Justice Bureaucracies: The Ideal Type 151 System 189 Contemporary Bureaucracies: The Reality 152 TECHNOLOGY: SOCIAL CONTROL OR OUT SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO GROUPS, OF CONTROL? 191 ORGANIZATIONS, AND BUREAUCRACIES 153 Technology and Social Control 191 The Structural Functionalist Approach 153 Technology Out of Control? 192 The Conflict Perspective 154 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 192 A Feminist View 154 Symbolic Interactionism 155 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME ASSESSMENT 193 MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS, TECHNOLOGY, AND CHANGE 155 Media Organizations 155 CHAPTER 8 Social Stratification and the U.S. Class Technology, Globalization, and Social Diversity 156 System 195 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 157 Learning Outcomes 195 Sociological Focus 6.2 Bowling Alone in America? 158 UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 197 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION 197 ASSESSMENT 161 Slavery 197 Castes 198 Estates 199 Social Classes 199 PART 3 SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION DETERMINING SOCIAL CLASS RANKING 199 AND INEQUALITY Wealth 200 Power 200 CHAPTER 7 Deviance and Conformity 164 Prestige 201 Learning Outcomes 164 Socioeconomic Status 202 DEFINING DEVIANCE AND CONFORMITY: SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE UNITED STATES 202 A GLOBAL VIEW 165 Wealth and Income 202 Norms and a Range of Tolerance 166 American Social Classes 203 Importance of Time, Place, Situation, Sociological Focus 8.1 Monopoly Revised: and Culture 168 The Sociological Version 205 Significance of Actors, Audience, and the Media 170 POVERTY: MEDIA IMAGES AND REALITY 207 The Difference between Deviance and Crime 171 Who Are the Poor? Media Images 208 Distinguishing between Diversity and Deviance 171 Poverty: The Reality 208 Deviance and Stigma 172 Homelessness and the Poorest of the Poor 210 POPULAR EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANCE 173 SOCIAL CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES: Deviants Are Different: From Demonology to MYTH AND REALITY 212 Biology 173 Life Chances and Social Class 212 The Medical Model: Equating Deviance with Social Mobility in the United States 212 Illness 173 Sociological Focus 8.2 Ain’t No Makin’ It: Blame It on the Media and Technology 174 Social Immobility in the Land of Sociological Focus 7.1 Does Media Violence Cause Opportunity 214 Aggressive Behavior? 177 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 215 SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DEVIANCE AND The Functionalist Perspective 215 CONFORMITY 178 The Interactionist Perspective 216 The Structural Functionalist Perspective 178 The Feminist Perspective 217 Conflict Theories of Deviance 181 The Conflict Perspective 217 Interactionist Explanations 183 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 219 Feminist Theories 186 Sociological Focus 7.2 Topless Dancers: SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Managing Stigma in a Deviant Occupation 186 ASSESSMENT 220 Contents / vii CHAPTER 9 Global Stratification 222 The Conflict Perspective 265 Symbolic Interactionism 266 Learning Outcomes 222 A Feminist View 267 GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 267 DEVELOPMENT 224 Sociological Focus 10.2 Beyond “Black” and The Language of Development 224 “White”? 269 High-Income Nations 225 Middle-Income Nations 226 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Low-Income Nations 227 ASSESSMENT 270 GLOBAL STRATIFICATION AND QUALITY CHAPTER 11 Sex and Gender 272 OF LIFE 227 The Global “Haves” and “Have-Nots” 228 Learning Outcomes 272 National Class Systems and Poverty 228 SEX AND GENDER IN A GLOBAL SOCIETY 273 Population Growth and Poverty 229 Sex: Biological Differentiation 274 The Poorest of the Poor: Women and Children 229 Gender: Social and Cultural Differentiation 275 EXPLAINING GLOBAL STRATIFICATION 232 Sociological Focus 11.1 The Social Costs of Modernization Theory: A Functionalist Approach 232 Violating Gender Norms 276 Sociological Focus 9.1 Globalization and a EXPLAINING GENDER DIFFERENCES 277 “World on Fire” 232 Socialization and Gender Identity: An Interactionist Conflict Approaches to Global Inequality 234 Approach 278 Interactionism and Global Stratification 237 Gender Complementarity: The Functionalist View 279 Feminism and Global Inequality 237 Gender Stratification: A Conflict Perspective 280 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS: THE MAKING OF Standpoint Theory: A Feminist View 281 NEW “HAVES” AND “HAVE-NOTS” 238 SEXISM: INEQUALITY BASED ON SEX Corporations and the New Global Assembly Line 238 AND GENDER 281 Media, Corporations, and Inequality 239 In the Family 282 Sociological Focus 9.2 Poverty and the Internet: Efforts In Religion 283 to Narrow the Digital Divide 241 In Education 284 Corporations, Diversity, and a World on the Move 242 In the Workplace 286 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 243 Sociological Focus 11.2 Sexual Misconduct, “Times Up,” and the “Me Too” Movement 288 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME In Sports 290 ASSESSMENT 246 In Politics and Government 291 In the Military 293 CHAPTER 10 Race and Ethnicity 247 In the Media 294 Learning Outcomes 247 FEMINISM: THE STRUGGLE FOR GENDER UNDERSTANDING RACE AND ETHNICITY IN EQUALITY 297 A GLOBAL SOCIETY 248 Feminist Movements in the United States 297 Race 248 Global Feminism 298 Sociological Focus 10.1 Life On the Color Line 250 Resistance to Feminism 299 Ethnicity 251 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND DIVERSITY 300 Minority Groups 252 Homosexuality and Bisexuality 300 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 253 Homophobia 301 Racism 253 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 301 Ethnocentrism 253 Types of Discrimination 254 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Affirmative Action 259 ASSESSMENT 303 Race and Ethnicity, Media, and Technology 260 CHAPTER 12 Age and the Elderly 304 DOMINANT–MINORITY GROUP RELATIONS 262 Cultural Pluralism 262 Learning Outcomes 304 Assimilation 263 GERONTOLOGY: THE STUDY OF AGING 305 Segregation 263 Population Aging and the “Graying” of the Globe 306 Genocide 264 Bodily “Wear and Tear”: Biological and Physiological Race and Ethnic Diversity in the United States 264 Aging 307 PERSPECTIVES ON RACE AND ETHNICITY 265 From “Midlife Crisis” to “Senior Citizen”: Psychological A Functionalist Approach 265 Aging 310 viii \ Contents Sociological Focus 12.1 The Fountain of Age: Cohabitation: A New Dating and Mate-Selection Redefining the Meaning of Growing Old 311 Stage? 345 “Act Your Age”: The Social Dimensions of Aging 312 Singlehood 346 Marriage and Divorce Rates 347 AGING AND DIVERSITY: A GLOBAL Families in the Middle and Later Stages of Life 347 PERSPECTIVE 315 Growing Old in Traditional Preindustrial Societies 315 U.S. FAMILIES: A PORTRAIT OF SOCIAL The Elderly in Industrial Societies 316 DIVERSITY 348 Aging in Contemporary Postindustrial Societies 317 Families of Myth and History 348 Media Families: Compounding the Myths? 348 GROWING OLD IN AMERICAN SOCIETY 317 Families in the United States: The Reality 350 Ageism 317 Mass-Media Stereotypes 318 FAMILY TRANSITIONS AND FAMILY Retirement, Fixed Incomes, and Poverty 319 PROBLEMS 354 Social Isolation 321 Domestic Violence 355 Elder Abuse 321 Sociological Focus 13.2 Parental Discipline? Health Maintenance 322 Or Family Violence? 356 Death and Dying 323 Balancing Family and Work 357 Sociological Focus 12.2 The Euthanasia Debate: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 358 Merciful Death? Or Murder? 324 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF THE AGING ASSESSMENT 360 PROCESS 325 Social Disengagement Theory: A Functionalist CHAPTER 14 Education 362 Perspective 325 Learning Outcomes 362 Symbolic Interactionism: The Activity Theory of Aging 326 EDUCATION IN A GLOBAL SOCIETY 363 An Aged Subculture: The Conflict Approach 326 A Proper British Education 364 The Intersectionality of Age and Gender: A Feminist Kanri Kyoiku in Japan 367 Perspective 327 Education in the United States 368 Exchange Theory: Combining Perspectives on THE ROLE OF EDUCATION: A FUNCTIONALIST Aging 328 PERSPECTIVE 368 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 329 Cultural Transmission 369 Anticipatory Socialization 370 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Social and Cultural Integration 370 ASSESSMENT 331 Sociological Focus 14.1 Learning the Student Role: Kindergarten as Academic Boot Camp 371 Innovation and Cultural Change 373 PART 4 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Latent Functions of Education 373 EDUCATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: CHAPTER 13 Families 334 CONFLICT AND FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES 374 Unequal Access to Schooling and Educational Learning Outcomes 334 Inequality 374 WHAT IS A FAMILY? 335 Educational Credentials: Schools as a Screening FAMILY DIVERSITY: A GLOBAL PORTRAIT 337 Device 376 Descent Patterns 337 Education and Occupational Opportunities in Family Patterns 338 the United States 378 Dating and Mate Selection, Marriage, and Divorce EDUCATION AND EVERYDAY LIFE: AN Patterns 339 INTERACTIONIST VIEW 379 Residence and Authority Patterns 341 Socialization: Personal and Social Development 379 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE FAMILY 341 Labeling Students: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 380 Functionalism and the Family 341 Schools as Bureaucracy: Dehumanization of The Family from the Conflict and Feminist Education 380 Perspectives 341 CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN AMERICAN Social Exchange and Symbolic Interaction 342 EDUCATION 381 U.S. FAMILIES: IN THE LIFE COURSE 343 Preschool and Early Childhood Education 382 Dating and Mate Selection 343 Standardized Testing 382 Sociological Focus 13.1 Swipe Right or Swipe Left: Year-Round Education 383 Love on the Internet 344 Charter Schools and School Vouchers 383 Contents / ix Homeschooling 384 CHAPTER 16 Government, Politics, and War 423 Diversity, Multicultural Education, and Globalization 385 Learning Outcomes 423 Expanding Role of Community Colleges 386 GOVERNMENT AND PERSONAL FREEDOM 424 Challenges for Education 386 Sociological Focus 14.2 School Violence and School POWER, POLITICS, AND AUTHORITY 425 Safety 388 Traditional Authority 425 Media, Computers, and Technology 389 Legal-Rational Authority 426 Charismatic Authority 426 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 391 Expertise 426 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME POLITICS AND INFLUENCE 426 ASSESSMENT 393 Propaganda, Censorship, and Ideology 427 Politics, Influence, and the Media 427 CHAPTER 15 Religion 395 Technology, Influence, And Contemporary Politics 428 Learning Outcomes 395 Sociological Focus 16.1 Campaigning Online and “Fake News” in Cyberspace 429 DEFINING RELIGION 397 The Sacred and the Profane 397 GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS 430 Religious Symbols, Beliefs, and Rituals 397 Authoritarian Systems 431 Sociological Focus 15.1 Sociological Thinking Democratic Systems 431 and Extraordinary Phenomena 398 DEMOCRACY: AMERICAN STYLE 434 The Difference between Religion and Magic 399 Political Participation and the American Voter 435 Religion and Ultimate Meaning 399 Interest Groups 435 GLOBAL RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY 399 Political Parties 438 Animatism 400 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO POLITICS AND Animism 400 GOVERNMENT 439 Theism 400 The Functionalist Approach 439 Ethical Religions 401 Conflict Approaches 440 THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF RELIGION 402 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 440 Ecclesia 402 Feminist Views on Government and Power 441 Denomination or Church 402 WAR, NUCLEAR WAR, AND SOCIETY 442 Sect 402 Perspectives on War 442 New Religious Movement 403 The Development of War 443 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGION 404 Technology and “Infowar” 445 Religion and Functionalism 404 Nuclear War and Society 446 Religion from the Conflict Perspective 405 Sociological Focus 16.2 Cyberterrorism and Religion, Interactionism, and Social Change 406 Cyberwars: The Future of War? 447 Religion and Feminism 407 The United Nations and the Search for Peace 448 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN FOCUS 408 Early Revivals and Religious Movements 409 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 449 The Holiness and Pentecostal Movements 410 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Evangelical and Fundamentalist Movements 410 ASSESSMENT 450 Sociological Focus 15.2 End-of-the-World Movements and Social Change 411 CHAPTER 17 The Economy and Work 452 Religious Movements in a Global Context 412 Learning Outcomes 452 Religious Movements in a “New Age” 413 SOCIOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF THE RELIGION, MEDIA, AND TECHNOLOGY 414 ECONOMY 453 Evangelical Media 415 Production 453 Mass Media, Religion, and Religious Messages 415 Distribution of Goods and Services 454 Technology and Religion 416 Consumption 454 RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN THE UNITED STATES 417 The Economic System 454 Social Correlates of Religion 419 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 454 Religion and Race: African American Religious Capitalism 455 Organizations 419 Socialism 456 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 420 Mixed Economies 456 SUMMARY | KEY TERMS | OUTCOME Transnational Corporations and the Global ASSESSMENT 422 Economy 457
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