Society, Behaviour, and Climate Change Mitigation PDF
Preview Society, Behaviour, and Climate Change Mitigation
SOCIETY, BEHAVIOUR, AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH VOLUME 8 Editor-in-Chief Martin Beniston, Institute of Geography, University of Fribourg, Perolles, Switzerland Editorial Advisory Board B. Allen-Diaz, Department ESPM-Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A. R.S. Bradley, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A. W. Cramer, Department of Global Change and Natural Systems, Potsdam Institute for Cli- mate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany. H.F. Diaz, NOAA/ERL/CDC, Boulder, CO, U.S.A. S. Erkman, Institute for Communication and Analysis of Science and Technology – ICAST, Geneva, Switzerland. M. Lal, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. U. Luterbacher, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. I. Noble, CRC for Greehouse Accounting and Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. L. Tessier, Institut Mediterranéen d’Ecologie et Paléoécologie, Marseille, France. F. Toth, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany. M.M. Verstraete, Space Applications Institute, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy. The titles in this series are listed at the end of this volume. SOCIETY, BEHAVIOUR, AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Edited by Eberhard Jochem Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Karlsruhe, Germany Centre for Energy Policy and Economics Zürich, Switzerland Jayant Sathaye Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA and Daniel Bouille Institute for Energy Economics Buenes Aires, Argentina KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 0-306-48160-X Print ISBN: 0-7923-6802-9 ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers NewYork, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents page Preface ix Introduction xi Incorporating Behavioural, Social, and Organizational Phenomena in the Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Options John A. “Skip” Laitner, Stephen J. DeCanio, Irene Peters 1 1. Introduction 1 2. The current framework 2 2.1. Description of current framework 2 2.2. A general critique of the current framework 5 2.3. Implications for current climate change policy assessment 36 3. Improving the current framework 39 3.1. A schematic illustration of policy and organizational perspectives 39 3.2. Short-term improvements in climate policy modelling 41 3.3. Longerterm modelling advances 46 4. Epilogue: Inventing the future 48 5. References 51 Cultural Discourses in the Global Climate Change Debate Steven Ney, Michael Thompson 65 1. Introduction 65 2. Policy Arguments and Policy Stories 66 3. Three Stories About Global Climate Change 71 4. Policy Implications 75 5. Scenario Planning: One Tool from the Appropriate Policy Tool- Kit 77 6. References 91 Consumption, Motivation And Choice Across Scale: Consequences For Selected Target Groups Michael Thompson 93 1. The Rules Of The Cultural Method 93 2. How, then, does culture matter? 95 3. Some Applications Of The Cultural Method 101 4. References 107 The Legacy of Twenty Years of Energy Demand Management: we know more about Individual Behaviour but next to Nothing about Demand Harold Wilhite, Elizabeth Shove, Loren Lutzenhiser, Willett Kempton 109 1. Introduction 109 2. Energy and the social sciences 110 v vi 2.1. Device-centered approaches to understanding energy use 110 2.2. Bringing the social sciences to bear on energy policy research 111 2.3. A limited social science contribution 112 3. The problems of reducing the role of social science to that of understanding the end-user’s “efficiency” behaviour 113 3.1. The individual as the locus of control and change 114 3.2. Overcoming the barriers 114 3.3. Energy consuming behaviour or the consumption of energy services? 115 4. Demanding a new agenda? 117 4.1. Re-positioning debate 118 4.2. Re-formulating questions 119 4.3. Re-tooling research 121 4.4. Re-thinking policy 122 5. Conclusions 123 6. References 123 Group Identity, Personal Ethics and Sustainable Development Suggesting New Directions For Social Marketing Research Johanna Moisander 127 1. Introduction 127 2. Experimentalist approach to social behaviour: group identity and personal ethics as intrapersonal variables 130 3. Group identity and personal ethics as motives for environmentally responsible consumption 132 4. ‘Green consumer’ as a group identity 135 4.1. Conceptualization of the green consumer 135 4.2. Myriad ways of thinking, being, and acting green 136 5. Morality, rationality and green consumerism 139 5.1. Personal ethics and green consumerism 140 5.2. The 'rationality' of environmentally moral behaviour 141 5.3 Personal environmental ethics as an existential choice 143 5.4. Suggested future directions for environmental policy oriented research 145 6. Appendix 148 7. References 151 European Narratives about Human Nature, Society and the Good Life Laurie Michaelis 157 1. Introduction 157 2. Cultural Narratives and Traditions 158 2.1. Modernism 160 2.2 Romanticism 163 2.3. Humanism 164 2.4. Other traditions 164 3. Views on climate change from the traditions 165 vii 4. Where next? 166 5. References 167 Gender-Specific Patterns of Poverty and (Over-)Consumption in Developing and Developed Countries Minu Hemmati 169 1. Introduction 169 2. Concepts 170 3. Issues & Research 173 3.1. Poverty and (Over-)Consumption 174 3.2. Consumption and Gender 175 3.3. Consumption Choices By Women and Men 176 3.4. Energy Consumption 177 3.5. Transport 178 3.6. Environmental Degradation 180 3.7. Measures of Environmental Protection 181 3.8. Consumer Awareness and Behaviour Concerning Environmental Problems 181 4. Points for Discussion and Future Work 183 5. References 187 Climate Change and Relative Consumption Richard B. Howarth 191 1. Introduction 191 2. The Dice Model: Base Specification 193 3. Relative Consumption Effects 195 3.1. Competitive Equilibrium 197 3.2. Optimal Taxation 198 3.3. Numerical Simulations 200 4. Summary and Conclusions 204 5. References 205 Social interactions and conditions for change in energy-related decision-making in SMCs – an empirical socio-economic analysis Stephan Ramesohl 207 Abstract 207 1.Engineering-Economic Analyses – Do They Miss the Problem? 207 1.1. The Micro-Economic Understanding of Decision-Making 208 1.2. Shortcomings of the Barrier Debate 209 2. Opening the Black Box - A Closer Look at the Adoption of Energy Efficiency Solutions 210 2.1. Economic Decision Is Only One Step In a More Complex Process of Adoption 210 2.2. Energy Issues Are Usually Neglected and Need Distinct Impulses to Get Back on the Agenda 212 2.3. Energy Efficiency Needs to Be Perceived as a Promising Opportunity for Individual and Collective Action 213 viii 2.4. Efficiency Projects Risk Being Turned Down Due to Insufficient DecisionPreparation 213 2.5. Feedback Loops and Learning Effects Contribute to Self- Dynamic Action 214 3. Dimensions of the Implementation of Energy Efficiency Solutions 216 4. New Insights into the Nature of Transaction Costs 218 5. The Original Contribution of Socio-Economic Research to the Policy Domain of Technical Progress and Diffusion 220 6. Conclusions 222 7. References 223 Motivation and decision criteria for energy efficiency in private households, companies and administrations in Russia Inna Gritsevich 227 1. Introduction 227 2. Basic motivations and rationales for energy saving 228 2.1. Regional and Municipal Administrations 228 2.2. Private Households 229 2.3. Businesses 231 3. Conclusion 231 4. References 232 List of Editors and Authors 233 List of Reviewers, Rapporteurs, and Discussants 235 Preface The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) was jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environ- ment Programme (UNEP) to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. Since its inception the IPCC has produced a series of comprehensive As- sessment Reports, Special Reports and Technical Papers on the state of the under- standing of causes of climatechange, its potential impacts, and options for response strategies. In 1998, Working Group III (WG III) of the ongoing Third Assessment was charged by the IPCC Plenary to assess the scientific, technical, environmental, economic and social aspects of the mitigation of climate change and a series of cross-cutting issues such as equity, development and sustainability. Its mandate was changed from a predominantly disciplinary assessment of the economic and social dimensions of climate change in the Second Assessment Report to an interdisciplinary assessment of the options to control the emissions of greenhouse gases and/or enhance their sinks. One key issue of the IPCC Third AssessmentReport (TAR) on mitigation of climate change, which has undergone an extensive review by scientists and governments, is the role of present and future behaviour of individuals, households, private and pub- lic companies, public authorities and other stakeholders. The patterns of behaviour and underlying value systems and cultures differ substan- tially among world regions and societal groups. The lead authors of several chapters of WG III recognized that the social, behavioural and cultural changes involved in mitigating global climate change are poorly understood. They acknowledged the need to broaden the existing conceptual framework and decided to invite psycholo- gists, anthropologists and other social scientists to share their perspectives on the issue of climate change mitigation. The German Governmentrecognizedthat this lack of a broader conceptual frame- work could be addressed, at least in part, by an IPCC Expert Meeting on social, behavioural, and cultural aspects of mitigation measures and policies. The meeting was held in March 2000 at Karlsruhe, Germany, and was organised by the Fraun- hofer-Institute of Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) and the Technical Support Unit of IPCC Working Group III and was attended by about 35 participants. Its major objectives were the examination of recent findings and concepts arising from the social sciences in the context of climate mitigation options. A broad set of ex- perts from many scientific communities and geographic regionsparticipated giving their contributions as speakers, discussants, rapporteurs, and reviewers. The ten papers presented at the workshop are included in this volume. They repre- sent various disciplines from the social sciences, including economics, political ix x science, psychology, marketing, and anthropology. We are grateful for the contribu- tions made by all participants. Our especial thanks to Sascha van Rooijen and the TSU for their permanent support, Renate Schmitz for organizing the IPCC expert meeting and converting the manu- script of the authors into this excellent volume; equally we would like to acknowl- edge Irmgard Sieb’s thorough work on the layout and Anne Ray’s for proof reading the contributions, of non-native authors in particular. Robert T. Watson Chair, IPCC
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