Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries

409 Pages·2023·30.227 MB·English

by  Paul Stubbs (editor)

Socialist Yugoslavia
and the
Non-Aligned Movement

Socialist Yugoslavia
and the
Non-Aligned Movement
Social, Cultural, Political, and
Economic Imaginaries

Edited by
paul stubbs
McGill-Queen’s University Press
Montreal & Kingston | London | Chicago
© McGill-Queen’s University Press 2023

isbn 978-0-2280-1465-2 (cloth)
isbn 978-0-2280-1580-2 (epdf)
isbn 978-0-2280-1581-9 (epub)

Legal deposit first quarter 2023
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free
(100% post-consumer recycled), processed chlorine free
We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts.

Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement : social, cul-
tural, political, and economic imaginaries / edited by Paul Stubbs.
Names: Stubbs, Paul, 1959- editor.
Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20220407312 | Canadiana (ebook)
20220407436 | isbn 9780228014652 (cloth) | isbn 9780228015802
(epdf) | isbn 9780228015819 (epub)
Subjects: lcsh: Nonalignment—Yugoslavia. | lcsh: Non-Aligned
Movement. | lcsh: Socialism—Yugoslavia. | lcsh: Cold War. | lcsh:
Yugoslavia—Foreign relations—1945-1980.
Classification: lcc dr1303 .s63 2023 | ddc 327.497—dc23
Contents
Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgments xi
Acronyms xiii

Introduction: Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement:
Contradictions and Contestations 3
Paul Stubbs

part one agency and structure

1 Representing Women’s Non-Aligned Encounters: A View
from Yugoslavia 37
Chiara Bonfiglioli

2 The Foundations of the Non-Aligned Movement: The Trouble with
History Is That It Is All in the Past 59
Peter Willetts

3 The Ruptures of Non-Alignment and Socialist Yugoslavia: Ten Theses
on Alternative Pasts and Futures 84
Gal Kirn

4 “Not Like a Modern Day Jesus Christ”: Pragmatism and Idealism in
Yugoslav Non-Alignment 108
Tvrtko Jakovina

part two cultural politics

5 The Long Durée of Yugoslav Socially Engaged Art and Its Continued
Life in the Non-Aligned World 133
Bojana Videkanić

6 Non-Aligned Cross-Cultural Pollination: A Short Graphic Novel 156
Bojana Piškur and Đorđe Balmazović
vi Contents
7 Practices of Yugoslav Cultural Exchange with Non-Aligned
Countries 176
Ljiljana Kolešnik

8 Film as the Memory Site of the 1961 Belgrade Conference
of Non-Aligned States 203
Mila Turajlić

part three economic restructurings

9 Shades of North-South Economic Détente: Non-Aligned Yugoslavia
and Neutral Austria Compared 235
Jure Ramšak

10 “The Sun Never Sets on Energoprojekt … until It Does”: The Yugoslav
Construction Industry in the Non-Aligned World 257
Dubravka Sekulić

part four new multilateralisms

11 From Santiago to Mexico: The Yugoslav Mission in Latin America
during the Cold War and the Limits of Non-Alignment 283
Agustin Cosovschi

12 A Non-Aligned Continent: Africa in the Global Imaginary
of Socialist Yugoslavia 302
Nemanja Radonjić

part five mobilities and migrations

13 Transnational Educational Strategies during the Cold War: Students
from the Global South in Socialist Yugoslavia, 1961–91 331
Leonora Dugonjic-Rodwin and Ivica Mladenović

14 New Borders, Old Solidarities: (Post-)Cold War Genealogies
of Mobility along the “Balkan Route” 360
David Henig and Maple Razsa

Contributors 383
Index 389
Figures and Tables
Figures

2.1 “The Five Founders” meet at the Yugoslav Permanent Mission
to the United Nations, 29 September 1960. Courtesy of Muzej
Jugoslavije, Belgrade, Serbia. 67
3.1 “Partisan Sketches,” poster, 1943, Dore Kleminčič-May. Courtesy
of Janin Klemenčić, personal archive. 93
6.1 Non-Aligned Summits. (This and subsequent drawings in chapter
6 by Djordje Balmazović.) 157
6.2 Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Arts 159
6.3 Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende, Santiago de Chile 160
6.4 Museum of African Art, Belgrade 161
6.5 L’authenticité 162
6.6 The News Agencies’ Pool of the Non-Aligned Countries 163
6.7 The Josip Broz Tito Gallery for the Art of the Non-Aligned
Countries, Titograd 165
6.8 Art Pavilion, Slovenj Gradec 166
6.9 The Architecture of Vann Molyvann 167
6.10 The Asian Art Biennial, Dhaka 168
6.11 ganefo, Jakarta 169
6.12 Non-Aligned Nations Contemporary Art Exhibition, Jakarta 171
6.13 Southern Constellations: The Poetics of the Non-Aligned 172
6.14 Conclusions I 173
viii Figures and Tables
6.15 Conclusions II 173
7.1 Ivan Picelj, Composition XL, 1952. Courtesy of the Museum
of Contemporary Art, Zagreb. 182
7.2 View of the exhibition Salon 54, Rijeka Art Gallery, 1954. Courtesy
of the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Rijeka. 183
7.3 View of the exhibition Yugoslav Contemporary Art, Aleppo, 1967.
Courtesy of the Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade. 188
7.4 The ratio of modern art exhibitions and exhibitions of cultural her-
itage artifacts from nam countries, displayed in Yugoslav museums
and galleries between 1961 and 1978. (Sources: Archive of Yugoslavia,
Belgrade; aj-553, aj-465, aj-320.) 190
7.5 The ratio of modern art exhibitions and exhibitions of cultural
heritage artifacts from Yugoslavia displayed in nam countries
between 1968 and 1978. (Sources: Archive of Yugoslavia; aj-553,
aj-465, aj-320.) 190
7.6 The ratio of the overall number of Yugoslav exhibitions displayed
in nam countries, and an overall number of exhibitions from nam
countries displayed in Yugoslavia, between 1968 and 1978. (Sources:
Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade; aj-553, aj-465, aj-320.) 190
8.1 A wall-size enlargement of the photograph of the delegates to the
first non-aligned summit in Belgrade, on display at Tito’s grave
during the 2011 ministerial conference. Screenshot from the author’s
filmed material. 205
8.2–8.3 Most Belgraders would not be able to identify this obelisk as the
monument to the first non-aligned summit despite the graffiti-
covered commemorative plaque dedicating it to the 1961 and 1989
summits. Screenshot from the author’s filmed material. 207
8.4–8.6 Scanning and inventorying the Pozitiv Ostaci (Positive Outtakes)
from the Belgrade summit, June 2020. Screenshots from the author’s
filmed material. 210–11
8.7–8.8 Stevan Labudović filming at the non-aligned summit with his
arriflex 35mm camera and screenshots from the Positive Outtakes of
the Belgrade conference. Courtesy of Filmske Novosti. 213
8.9–8.10 Screenshots from the Positive Outtakes of the Belgrade conference
of Belgraders studying the information panels in Pioneer’s Park.
Courtesy of Filmske Novosti. 217
Figures and Tables ix
8.11 Screenshot from Positive Outtakes of President Sukarno watching the
broadcast of the conference in a salon in the National Parliament
where the conference was taking place. Courtesy of Filmske Novosti.
218
8.12 Screenshot from Positive Outtakes of Prime Minister Nehru reading a
press report on his speech in the Daily Herald in the Plenary Hall of
the National Parliament where he had given his speech the previous
day. Courtesy of Filmske Novosti. 219
8.13–8.14 Screenshots from Positive Outtakes of President Sukarno planting
a tree in Friendship Park and of President Bourguiba of Tunis posing
with the youth after planting a tree. Courtesy of Filmske Novosti. 220
8.15–8.16 Screenshots from Positive Outtakes of citizens of Belgrade greeting
the arriving delegates and listening to the radio broadcast of the con-
ference proceedings on a car radio with an African guest. Courtesy
of Filmske Novosti. 221
8.17 Catalogue text in which an image from the Belgrade conference is
erroneously used to illustrate the Bandung conference, illustrating the
slippage that occurs as events ascend to the status of iconic. Courtesy
of Indonesia-digest.net. 223
8.18–8.19 Screenshots from US film kept at nara showing Archbishop
Makarios, president of Cyprus, serving liturgy at the crowded
Cathedral Church in Belgrade during the summit. Available
at https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.645832, Creative
Commons. 225
8.20–8.21 Searching for the sound recordings of the Belgrade conference
in the archives of Radio Belgrade, June 2020. Screenshots from the
author’s filmed material. 228
10.1 Lusaka 1970, collage by Dubravka Sekulić, 2021. 262
10.2 Harare 1986, collage by Dubravka Sekulić, 2021. 271
13.1 The evolution of students in Yugoslavia, 1951–91, in absolute numbers.
(Source: Savezni Zavod za Statistiku for all years between 1952 and
1991.) 337
13.2 Proportion of international students by nationality, 1955–65. (Source:
Savezni Zavod za Statistiku for all years between 1955 and 1965.) 338
13.3 Proportion of non-European students by region, 1955–65. (Source:
Savezni Zavod za Statistiku for all years between 1955 and 1965.) 339