Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs: A Values Perspective

368 Pages·2009·3.287 MB·English

by  Elizabeth A. Segal

S W P
OCIAL ELFARE OLICY
S P
AND OCIAL ROGRAMS
A Values Perspective
SECOND EDITION
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B C
RIEF ONTENTS
PREFACE xv
CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND UNDERLYING VALUES 1
CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN AMERICA 25
CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY 53
CHAPTER 4 THE DELIVERY OF SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES 74
CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CIVIL RIGHTS 92
CHAPTER 6 ANALYZING AND RESEARCHING SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES 124
CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL INSURANCE 151
CHAPTER 8 POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 172
CHAPTER 9 ECONOMICS: EMPLOYMENT, BUDGETS, AND TAXES 197
CHAPTER 10 CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 228
iii
iv BriefContents
CHAPTER 11 HEALTH CARE POLICY 255
CHAPTER 12 AGING AND SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY 277
CHAPTER 13 UNITED STATES SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES AND INTERNATIONAL
C 297
OMPARISONS
CHAPTER 14 THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND POLICY PRACTICE
I 317
MPLICATIONS
GLOSSARY 341
INDEX 345
C
ONTENTS
PREFACE xv
CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY AND UNDERLYING VALUES 1
What Is Social Welfare? 2
Why Study Social Welfare? 3
Premises for Studying Social Welfare 4
Each Person Is a Part of the Social Welfare System 5
Provision of Social Welfare Services 6
Approaches to the Provision of Social Welfare 7
Residual Versus Institutional Approaches 7
Universal Versus Selective Provision of Services 7
Blending Social Welfare Policy Approaches 8
How are People Involved? Public and Private Efforts 9
Why Do We Have a Social Welfare System? 10
Values and Beliefs as the Cornerstone of Social Welfare in America 10
Religious Values 11
Personal Values 12
Social Values 13
Conflicting Values and Beliefs in Social Welfare Policy 14
Undeserving Versus Deserving 15
Personal Failure Versus System Failure 16
Individual Responsibility Versus Social Responsibility 17
Individual Change Versus Social Change 17
Self-sufficiency Versus Social Support 17
Entitlement Versus “Handout” 18
v
vi Contents
Aid to Those We Know Versus Aid to Strangers 18
Religious and Faith-based Practice Versus Separation of Church and State 18
Crisis Response Versus Prevention 18
Sympathy Versus Empathy 19
Trust Versus Suspicion 19
Rationality Versus Emotions 19
Values and Beliefs Guide Policy Making 19
Changing Demographics and the Need for Social Welfare Policies and
Programs 21
Final Thoughts 22
CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN AMERICA 25
Colonial Period (1690–1800) 26
Impact of the Colonial Period 29
Conflicting Beliefs of the Colonial Period 29
Pre–Civil War Period (1800–1860) 29
Impact of the Pre–Civil War Period 30
Conflicting Beliefs of the Pre–Civil War Period 30
Civil War and Postwar Period (1861–1874) 30
Impact of the Civil War and Postwar Period 31
Conflicting Beliefs of the Civil War and Postwar Period 32
Progressive Era (1875–1925) 32
Charity Organization Societies 33
Settlement Movement 33
Impact of the Progressive Era 33
Conflicting Beliefs of the Progressive Era 34
The Great Depression and the New Deal (1925–1940) 35
Impact of the Great Depression and New Deal Era 38
Conflicting Beliefs during the Great Depression and New Deal Era 38
World War II and the Postwar Era (1940–1960) 39
Impact of World War II and the Postwar Era 40
Conflicting Beliefs of the World War II Era and the Postwar Era 40
Social Reform (1960–1970s) 40
Impact of the Social Reform Period 41
Conflicting Beliefs of the Social Reform Period 42
Retrenchment: Social Welfare Pull-back Starting in the 1970s and
Through the 1990s 42
Impact of the Retrenchment Years 45
Conflicting Beliefs of the Retrenchment Years 46
The New Century 46
Final Thoughts 49
Contents vii
CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY 53
Ideologies of the Social Welfare System 55
Cause and Function 55
Blaming the Victim 55
The Culture of Poverty and the Underclass 56
Conservative and Liberal Political Perspectives 57
Biological Determinism 57
Social Welfare Services as a Right 58
Theories of the Evolution of the Social Welfare System 58
Industrialization and the Social Welfare System 59
Cycles of History 60
Social Control 61
Elite Power Theory 61
Economics as a Determinant of Social Welfare Policy 62
Critical Theory 64
Postindustrialization and Globalization 65
Paradigms of the Social Welfare System 65
Social Construction 66
Critical Analysis 67
Distributive Justice 68
Strengths-Based Model 69
Social Empathy 69
Social Work Professional Paradigm 70
Conflicting Values and Beliefs and the Theoretical Foundation of Social
Welfare Policy 71
Final Thoughts on the Conceptual Foundation of Social Welfare
Policy 71
CHAPTER 4 THE DELIVERY OF SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES 74
The Professionalization of Social Welfare Services 75
History of Social Work 75
Professional Contributions of the Charity Organization Societies and
Settlement Movement 77
Charity Organization Societies 77
Settlement Movement 79
Public and Private Providers of Social Welfare Services 80
Government Roles 80
Federal Government 81
State Governments 81
Local Governments 82
Tribal Governments 82
Should the Federal Government Provide Social Services? 82
viii Contents
Private Agencies 84
Nonprofit Organizations 85
For-Profit Organizations 85
Forms of Social Welfare Assistance 85
Public Assistance and Social Insurance 85
Cash Assistance Programs 87
In-Kind Benefit Programs 87
Vouchers 87
Entitlement 88
Social Investment 88
Economic Development 89
Conflicting Values and Beliefs 89
Final Thoughts on the Delivery of Social Welfare Services 90
CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CIVIL RIGHTS 92
Barriers to Social Justice and Civil Rights 93
The Constitution: Cornerstone of Civil Rights 95
The History of Voting Rights in the United States 96
Voting Rights for African-American Men 97
Voting Rights for Women 98
Voting Rights for Indigenous People 99
Mexican Immigration and Latino Voting Rights 99
Protection from Discrimination and Oppression 100
Protection from Racism 100
Hate Crimes Legislation 103
Affirmative Action 104
Women’s Rights 106
Equal Rights Amendment 106
Equality in Education: Title IX 107
The Abortion Controversy 109
Violence Against Women 110
Rights of People with Disabilities 112
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights 113
Native Americans and Civil Rights 115
Civil Rights and Immigration 117
Conflicting Values and Beliefs 119
Final Thoughts on Social Justice and Civil Rights 119
CHAPTER 6 ANALYZING AND RESEARCHING SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES 124
What is Policy Analysis? 125
The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy Development 125
Rationalism in Policy Making 126
Incrementalism in Policy Making 126
Contents ix
Window of Opportunity in Policy Making 127
Magnitude in Policy Making 128
Critical Analysis of Social Welfare Policy 128
Implementation of Policies 129
Street-Level Bureaucrats 129
Models of Social Welfare Policy Analysis 130
Sequential Model of Analysis 130
Critical Theory Model of Analysis 134
The Impact of Values and Beliefs on Social Welfare Policy 135
Social Welfare Policy and the Political Arena 135
The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy: Application of the Model 137
Sequential Model Applied—Welfare Reform 137
Critical Analysis Model Applied—Welfare Reform 139
Social Welfare Policy Research 142
Data and Statistics Sources 143
Government Agencies 144
Government Research Sources 145
Legislative Information 146
Advocacy Groups 147
State and Local Sources 147
Final Thoughts on Social Welfare Policy Analysis 148
CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL INSURANCE 151
What Is Social Insurance? 152
History of Social Security 152
The Twofold Purpose of the Social Security Act 154
Social Insurance 156
Public Assistance 157
How the OASDI Program Works 158
Public Perceptions of Social Security 160
How Important Is Social Security? 160
Limitations of Social Security 161
Changes in the Social Security Program 163
The Future of Social Security 164
Solvency of the Trust Fund 166
Privatization of Social Security 167
Conflicting Values and Beliefs 168
Final Thoughts on Social Insurance 169
CHAPTER 8 POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 172
Defining Poverty and Economic Need 173
Measures of Poverty 173
How Many People Are Poor? 176