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Social Sustainability in Urban Areas: Communities, Connectivity and the Urban Fabric PDF

257 Pages·2010·2.526 MB·English
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‘Theory and practice around sustainable development have E s d consistently been at their weakest on how the social elements i o t relate to the full picture. This intriguing book takes a timely and E c social d critical look at different ways in which this social perspective b i can help create genuinely “sustainable communities”.’ y a Chris Church, Chair London 21 and Chair, UK Low Carbon Communities to l sustainability n y s This groundbreaking new volume on social sustainability offers M u both critique and creative solutions. It challenges the conventional a wisdoms of social sustainability and presents practical examples n s in urban areas z t of projects that will help practitioners to think carefully and i , a innovatively about the situations they are addressing. K a i r n coMMunitiEs, connEctivity The book consists of original contributions from academics E n working in the fields of urban planning, housing, regeneration, a and thE urban Fabric L transport and international sustainable development. Drawing u b c on case study research gathered in the UK, Europe and Africa, a i s l it adopts an original, interdisciplinary approach to both theory , t i and practice, illustrating the challenges and opportunities facing o t n policy-makers and practitioners attempting to develop, manage y y and maintain sustainable communities. L L i o n C The authors argue that the dominant approach of ‘how to do’ small-scale social sustainability y over ima faalsilos taoc tliovcealyt er ietp wroitdhuicne bs rwoiaddeerr isnoecqiaula plirtoiecse.s sThes.e I gbnooorki npgr ethseen ctos nat enxetw n, omt oornel yc osuhsetraeinnts , abnudt d Jo u ge © more complete approach to issues of social sustainability in urban areas. n r Fo Es b tolia Tony Manzi is a Principal Lecturer in Housing and the Course Leader for the MA in Housing an a Practice at the University of Westminster. Karen Lucas is Research Fellow with the Transport d n J Studies Unit at the University of Oxford and former Director of Research for the Centre u for Sustainable Development at the University of Westminster. Tony Lloyd Jones is Principal d a i Lecturer in Urban Design and Development at the University of Westminster and Director th r of Research and Consultancy at the University’s Max Lock Centre. Judith Allen is Principal a e Lecturer in Neighbourhood Management in the School of Architecture and the Built L L a Environment, University of Westminster. E n s EwPpaulwabrtnlihwsnhsiic.nnaeggn af osrrtt rahi vsseussct aatoinn am.bclieno ifm.utuiuzkree its impact on the environment www.earthscan.co.uk publishing for a sustainable future KarEEnd aLitunEcdda Jsbu,y td toiotnhny yaL LLMoLaEynndz Jio, nEs 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page i Social Sustainability in Urban Areas 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page ii 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page iii Social Sustainability in Urban Areas Communities, Connectivity and the Urban Fabric Edited by Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas, Tony Lloyd-Jones and Judith Allen London • Washington, DC 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page iv Firstpublishedin2010byEarthscan Copyright©TonyManzi,KarenLucas,TonyLloydJonesandJudithAllen2010 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptasexpresslypermittedbylaw,withoutthe prior,writtenpermissionofthepublisher. EarthscanLtd,DunstanHouse,14aStCrossStreet,LondonEC1N8XA,UK EarthscanLLC,1616PStreet,NW,Washington,DC20036,USA EarthscanpublishesinassociationwiththeInternationalInstituteforEnvironmentand Development FormoreinformationonEarthscanpublications,seewww.earthscan.co.ukorwriteto [email protected] ISBN:978-1-84407-674-1 Typesetby4wordLtd,Bristol CoverdesignbySusanneHarris AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Socialsustainabilityinurbanareas:communities,connectivity,andtheurbanfabric/ editedbyTonyManzi...[etal.].–1sted. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-84407-674-1(hardback) 1. Sociology,Urban.2. Citiesandtowns–Growth.3. Sustainabledevelopment. I. Manzi,Tony,1960– HT151.S62132010 307.76--dc22 2009049682 AtEarthscanwestrivetominimizeourenvironmentalimpactsand carbonfootprintthroughreducingwaste,recyclingandoffsettingour CO emissions,includingthosecreatedthroughpublicationofthis 2 book.Formoredetailsofourenvironmentalpolicy, seewww.earthscan.co.uk. PrintedandboundintheUKbyTJInternational. ThepaperusedisFSCcertified. 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page v Contents List of Figures, Tables and Box vii List of Contributors ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Introduction xv 1 Understanding Social Sustainability: Key Concepts and Developments in Theory and Practice 1 Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas, Tony Lloyd-Jones and Judith Allen Section 1: Communities, Neighbourhoods and the Creation of Locality-based Social Capital 2 Creating Sustainable Neighbourhoods? The Development and Management of Mixed-Income Communities 35 Tony Manzi 3 Building Sustainable Communities from the Grassroots: How Community Land Trusts Can Create Social Sustainability 49 Nick Bailey 4 Neighbourhood Asset Management: Life Cycles and Learning for Social Sustainability 65 Judith Allen and Tony Lloyd-Jones 5 Women’s Social Networks and Their Importance in Promoting Sustainable Communities 83 Catalina Gandelsonas 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page vi vi Social Sustainability in Urban Areas Section 2: The Role of Place and Connectivity in the Urban Socio-Physical Environment 6 Residential Intensification, Family Housing and Educational Provision 105 Suzy Nelson 7 Transport Planning for Sustainable Communities 121 Karen Lucas, Derek Halden and Sarah Wixey 8 The Impacts of Teleworking on Sustainability and Travel 141 Peter White, Georgina Christodoulou, Roger Mackett, Helena Titheridge, Roselle Thoreau and John Polak Section 3: Regeneration and Economic Development 9 Planning Obligations and Social Sustainability 161 Chris Marsh 10 The Urban Renaissance and the Night-Time Economy: Who Belongs in the City at Night? 183 Adam Eldridge 11 The Relationship Between Major Events, the Urban Fabric and Social Sustainability 199 Adam Smith 12 Conclusions and Observations for Future Practice 221 Index 229 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page vii List of Figures, Tables and Box Figures Figure 1.1 The dimensions and interactive process in sustainable development 3 Figure 1.2 The Russian Doll explanation of sustainable development 4 Figure 1.3 A multi-dimensional understanding of sustainable development 5 Figure 1.4 The Egan Wheel 17 Figure 4.1 Integrated neighbourhood-governance model 73 Figure 4.2 The actors who may have a presence in neighbourhood spaces 79 Figure 5.1 Conceptual model 96 Figure 7.1 Location of key transport routes in the east London region of the Thames Gateway 128 Figure 7.2 Main stages of the recommended accessibility planning process 133 Figure 7.3 Map showing accessibility to rugby club site for Appleton patients 137 Figure 7.4 Map showing accessibility to Stretton Barns site for Appleton patients 138 Figure 8.1 Distance travelled per year by frequency of working at home 145 Figure 9.1 Planning obligations ‘pecking order’ 2002 167 Figure 11.1 Greenwich Millennium Village: green spaces, high density, education/health provision, good transport links... and a 23,000-capacity events arena 214 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page viii viii Social Sustainability in Urban Areas Tables Table 1.1 Dimensions of sustainability 19 Table 4.1 Physical life-cycle of buildings and key social questions 70 Table 4.2 Timescales in Soho 76 Table 4.3 As-yet-unfinished stories in the neighbourhood space 78 Table 7.1 The five development scenarios for Edinburgh, with a summary of their likely impacts on accessibility 135 Table 7.2 Comparison of overall changes in accessibility 135 Table 8.1 Total distance travelled by frequency the respondents work at home 145 Table 8.2 Total trips per year made by frequency the respondents work at home 146 Table 9.1 Affordable housing delivery 169 Table 9.2 Total Section 106 financial contributions across London 171 Table 9.3 Section 106 financial contributions by type and by borough 172 Table 11.1 The sustainable urban regeneration performance of Barcelona’s Vila Olimpica 211 Box Box 11.1 The seven projects that formed the Legacy Programme for the 2002 Commonwealth Games 203 00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page ix List of Contributors Judith Allen is Principal Lecturer in Neighbourhood Management. She is a member of the Max Lock Centre and is also the programme leader for undergraduateurbanstudiesandpostgraduateneighbourhoodstudies.Shehas been the scientific manager for three major cross-European studies in neigh- bourhoods: focusing on social exclusion, neighbourhood management and governance. Her current research on small areas focuses on migrancy and set- tlement(BritishinBulgaria,BraziliansinPortugal),aswellasconsultanciesfor neighbourhood projects in London, for the Housing Observatory in Madrid, and for UN-Habitat. Nick Bailey is Professor of Urban Regeneration. He originally qualified as a townplanner,hasworkedinanumberofplanningandhousingposts,andhas many years of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He has carried out extensive research on the role of third-sector organizations in urban regeneration in the UK and was the co-author of a study of commu- nity development trusts for the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. He has also carried out a study of community involvement in local strategic partnerships and led a team investigating mixed tenure housing developments in England andScotlandfortheJosephRowntreeFoundation.Heisaboardmemberofa community development trust in central London. Adam Eldridge is Research Fellow with the Central Cities Institute at the UniversityofWestminster.HisrecentlycompletedPhDexaminedthearticula- tion of history, identity and geography within a themed environment. His current research continues to examine the relationship between consumption, communityandpublicspace,withaparticularemphasisontownandcitycen- tres after dark. Dr Eldridge is currently investigating how the Licensing Act (2003)hasimpactedupontheeveningeconomyintermsofresidentsandtown centre decentralisation. He also teaches in the Department of Urban Planning

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