Social Psychology and Human Nature, 8th Edition PDF
Preview Social Psychology and Human Nature, 8th Edition
Social Psychology A N D H U M A N N A T U R E Roy F. Baumeister Florida State University Brad J. Bushman University of Michigan Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States Social Psychology and Human Nature Roy F.Baumeister,Brad J.Bushman Publisher:Michele Sordi Permissions Editors: Roberta Broyer,Sarah D’Stair Senior Development Editor:Jeremy Judson Production Service:Sheila McGill,Lachina Publishing Services ManagingAssistantEditor:Dan Moneypenny Text Designer:Liz Harasymczuk EditorialAssistant:Erin Miskelly Photo Researcher:RomanA.Barnes SeniorTechnologyProjectManager:BessieWeiss Copy Editor:Margaret C.Tropp AssociateTechnologyProjectManager:Lauren Keyes Illustrator:Pamela Connell Executive Marketing Manager:Kimberly Russell Cover Designer:Larry Didona MarketingAssistant:Natasha Coats Cover Image(people waiting in line): Yellow Dog Marketing Communications Manager:LindaYip Productions/Getty Images Project Manager,Editorial Production:Mary Noel Cover Printer:Phoenix Color Corp Creative Director:Rob Hugel Compositor:Lachina Publishing Services Art Director:Vernon T.Boes Printer:Courier Corporation/Kendallville Print Buyer:Karen Hunt © 2008 ThomsonWadsworth,a part ofThe Thomson Formoreinformationaboutourproducts,contactusat: Corporation.Thomson,the Star logo,andWadsworth are trade- ThomsonLearningAcademicResourceCenter marks used herein under license. 1-800-423-0563 Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistext ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part ofthis work covered by the orproduct,submitarequestonlineat copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by http://www.thomsonrights.com. Anyadditionalquestionsaboutpermissions any means—graphic,electronic,or mechanical,including pho- canbesubmittedbye-mailto tocopying,recording,taping,Web distribution,information [email protected]. storage and retrieval systems,or in any other manner—without the written permission ofthe publisher. ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks of Printed in the United States ofAmerica FSCreations,Inc.Windows is a registered trademark ofthe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 06 Microsoft Corporation used herein under license.Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks ofApple Library ofCongress Control Number:2006933356 Computer,Inc.Used herein under license. Student Edition: ©2008ThomsonLearning,Inc.AllRightsReserved.Thomson ISBN-13:978-0-534-63832-0 LearningWebTutorTMisatrademarkofThomsonLearning,Inc. ISBN-10:0-534-63832-5 Thomson Higher Education BriefVersion: 10 Davis Drive ISBN-13:978-0-495-11633-2 Belmont,CA 94002-3098 ISBN-10:0-495-11633-5 USA We dedicate this book to our mentors and to their mentors,in appreciation of the teaching of psychology through these relationships. Roy F. Baumeister (1953- ) Brad J. Bushman (1960- ) Ph.D. 1978, Princeton University Ph.D. 1989, University of Missouri Edward E. Jones (1926-1993) Russell G. Geen (1932- ) Ph.D. 1953, Harvard University Ph.D. 1967, University ofWisconsin Jerome S. Bruner (1915- ) Leonard Berkowitz (1926- ) Ph.D. 1941, Harvard University Ph.D. 1951, University of Michigan GordonAllport(1897-1967) Daniel Katz (1903-1998) Ph.D. 1922, Harvard University Ph.D. 1928, Syracuse University Herbert S. Langfeld (1879-1958) Floyd H.Allport (1879-1958) Ph.D. 1909, University of Berlin Ph.D. 1919, Harvard University Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) Edwin B. Holt (1873-1946) Ph.D. 1868, University of Leipzig Ph.D. 1885, Leipzig University Ph.D. 1901, Harvard University M.D. 1887, Heidelberg University Rudolf H. Lotze (1817-1881) William James (1840-1910) M.D. 1838, University of Leipzig WilhelmWundt(1832-1920) M.D. 1869, Harvard University M.D. 1856, Harvard University About the Authors RoyF.Baumeister holds the Eppes Eminent Professorship in Psychology at FloridaStateUniversity,whereheistheheadof thesocialpsychologygraduate program and teaches social psychology to students at all levels.He has taught introductory social psychology to thousands of undergraduate students. He receivedhisPh.D.fromPrincetonin1978,andhisteachingandresearchactivi- tieshaveincludedappointmentsattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,Case Western Reserve University,the University of Texas atAustin,the University of Virginia,the Max Planck Institute in Munich (Germany),and the Center for AdvancedStudyintheBehavioralSciencesatStanford.Baumeisterisanactive researcher whose work has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and by the Templeton Foundation. He has done research on the self (including self-esteem and self-control),the need to belong,sexuality,aggres- sion,and how people find meaning in life.In 2005,the Institute for Scientific Information concluded from a survey of published bibliographies that he was among the most influential psychologists in the world.His publications have beencitedover5,000times.Thistextbookishis300thpublication.Baumeister lives with his wife and daughter by a small lake in Tallahassee,Florida.In his (very rare) spare time,he likes to play guitar and piano or go windsurfing. BradJ.BushmanisProfessorofPsychologyandCommunicationStudiesatthe University of Michigan. He is also a professor at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam(theNetherlands),whereheteachesanddoesresearchtwomonths peryear.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheUniversityof Missouriin1989.Hehas taught introductory social psychology courses for 15 years.Dubbed the“Myth Buster”by one colleague,Bushman’s research has challenged several societal myths (e.g., violent media have a trivial effect on aggression, venting anger reducesaggression,violentpeoplesufferfromlowself-esteem,violenceandsex on TV sell products,warning labels repel consumers).His research has been publishedinthetopscientificjournals(e.g.,Science)andhasbeenfeaturedon television(e.g.,ABCNews20/20,DiscoveryChannel),onradio(e.g.,NPR,BBC, CBC),inmagazines(e.g.,Newsweek,SportsIllustrated),andinnewspapers(e.g., NewYorkTimes,WallStreetJournal).HelivesinAnnArbor,Michiganwithhis wife Tammy Stafford,and their three children Becca,Nathan,and Branden.In his spare time he likes to ride his mountain bike and listen to jazz music (e.g., Miles Davis,John Coltrane,Michiel Borstlap). iv Brief Contents Preface xvii CHAPTER 1 The Mission and the Method 3 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Nature 29 CHAPTER 3 The Self 69 CHAPTER 4 Behavior Control: The Self in Action 115 CHAPTER 5 Social Cognition 145 CHAPTER 6 Emotion and Affect 181 CHAPTER 7 Attitudes,Beliefs,and Consistency 223 CHAPTER 8 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 251 CHAPTER 9 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 289 CHAPTER 10 Attraction and Exclusion 325 CHAPTER 11 Close Relationships: Passion,Intimacy,and Sexuality 357 CHAPTER 12 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 401 CHAPTER 13 Social Influence and Persuasion 441 CHAPTER 14 Groups 477 Application Modules A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1 B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1 C Applying Social Psychology to Law C1 D Applying Social Psychology to the Environment D1 Glossary G1 References R1 Name Index N1 Subject Index S1 v Contents Preface xvii 1 The Mission and the Method 3 A Brief History of Social Psychology 5 What Do Social Psychologists Do? 8 Social Psychology’s Place in the World 9 Social Psychology’s Place in the Social Sciences 9 Social Psychology’s PlaceWithin Psychology 10 Why People Study Social Psychology 12 CuriosityAboutPeople 12 Experimental Philosophy 12 Making the World Better 12 Social Psychology Is Fun! 13 How Do Social Psychologists Answer Their Own Questions? 14 Accumulated CommonWisdom 14 Overview ofthe Scientific Method 15 Scientific Theories 15 Food for Thought: Does Chicken Soup Reduce Cold Symptoms? 16 Research Design 17 How Much of Social Psychology Is True? 22 Self-Correcting Nature ofScience 22 Reliance on Student Samples 23 Cultural Relativity 23 Chapter Summary 24 2 Culture and Nature 29 Explaining the Psyche 31 Nature Defined 32 Evolution,and Doing What’s Natural 32 Culture Defined 34 Cultural Influence,Meaning,and the Power ofIdeas 36 Are People the Same Everywhere? 38 SocialAnimal or CulturalAnimal? 39 The Individual and Society 41 Social Brain Theory 41 Evolved for Culture? 42 Facts of Life 45 Food and Sex 45 vi Contents vii Bad Is Stronger Than Good 46 Food for Thought: Virtuous Vegetarians 47 The Social Side of Sex: Sex and Culture 48 Tradeoffs:WhenYou Can’t Have ItAll 49 IsBadStrongerThanGood?:Bad,Good, andPositivePsychology 50 Tradeoffs:Political Tradeoffs 53 Important Features of Human Social Life 53 The Duplex Mind 54 The Long Road to Social Acceptance 58 Built to Relate 58 Nature Says Go,Culture Says Stop 59 Selfish ImpulseVersus Social Conscience 60 Putting People First 61 What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective 63 Chapter Summary 64 3 The Self 69 What Is the Self? 71 The Self’s Main Jobs 71 Who Makes the Self:The Individual or Society? 72 Self-Awareness 75 Food for Thought: Eating Binges and Escaping the Self 79 Where Self-Knowledge Comes From 80 Looking Outside:The Looking-Glass Self 80 Looking Inside:Introspection 81 Looking at Others:Social Comparison 82 Self-Perception and the Overjustification Effect 83 The Fluctuating Image(s) ofSelf 85 Why People Seek Self-Knowledge 86 Tradeoffs:Self-Handicapping 89 Self and Information Processing 90 Anything That Touches the Self... 90 Can the Self-Concept Change? 92 Self-Esteem, Self-Deception, and Positive Illusions 95 Self-Esteem 95 Reality and Illusion 96 Is Bad Stronger Than Good?: Basking and Blasting 97 How People Fool Themselves 98 Benefits ofSelf-Esteem 100 TheSocialSideofSex:Self-EsteemandSayingNotoSex 101 Why Do We Care? 102 Is High Self-EsteemAlways Good? 103 Pursuing Self-Esteem 104 Self-Presentation 105 Who’s Looking? 106 Making an Impression 107 Self-Presentation and Risky Behavior 109 viii Contents What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective 110 Chapter Summary 112 4 Behavior Control: The Self in Action 115 What You Do, and What It Means 117 Action Identification 118 Goals,Plans,Intentions 120 Freedom and Choice 125 Freedom ofAction 126 Making Choices 127 Is Bad Stronger Than Good?: Avoiding Losses Versus Pursuing Gains 129 The Social Side of Sex: Gender, Sex, and Decisions 130 Self-Regulation 132 Food for Thought: Dieting as Self-Regulation 135 Irrationality and Self-Destruction 136 Self-DefeatingActs:BeingYourOwnWorstEnemy 136 Tradeoffs:Now Versus Tomorrow: Delay of Gratification 138 Suicide 138 What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective 140 Chapter Summary 141 5 Social Cognition 145 What Is Social Cognition? 147 ThinkingAbout People:A Special Case? 147 Why People Think,andWhy They Don’t 148 Goals ofThinking 149 Automatic and Controlled Thinking 149 Thought Suppression and Ironic Processes 154 Food for Thought: It’s the Thought That Counts (or Doesn’t Count!) the Calories 155 Attributions: Why Did That Happen? 156 It’s Not My Fault:Explaining Success and Failure 156 You Looking at Me? The Actor/Observer Bias 157 TheAttribution Cube and Making Excuses 159 Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts 161 Representativeness Heuristic 161 Availability Heuristic 161 Simulation Heuristic 162 Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 163 Errors and Biases 164 Contents ix Confirmation Bias 165 The Social Side of Sex: Counting Sex Partners 166 Conjunction Fallacy 167 Illusory Correlation 167 Base Rate Fallacy 168 Gambler’s Fallacy 169 False Consensus Effect 169 False Uniqueness Effect 169 Statistical Regression 170 Illusion ofControl 170 Is Bad Stronger Than Good?: Good News and Bad News 171 Magical Thinking 171 Counterfactual Thinking 172 Are People Really Idiots? 174 How SeriousAre the Errors? 175 Reducing Cognitive Errors 175 What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective 176 Chapter Summary 177 6 Emotion and Affect 181 What Is Emotion? 183 ConsciousEmotionVersusAutomaticAffect 183 Is Bad Stronger Than Good?: Names for Emotions 184 Emotional Arousal 185 James–Lange Theory ofEmotion 185 Cannon–Bard Theory ofEmotion 186 Schachter–Singer Theory ofEmotion 186 Misattribution ofArousal 187 The Social Side of Sex: Can People Be Wrong About Whether They Are Sexually Aroused? 188 Some Important Emotions 190 Happiness 190 Anger 194 Tradeoffs:Affect Intensity, or the Joys of Feeling Nothing 195 Guilt and Shame 197 Why Do We Have Emotions? 200 Emotions Promote Belongingness 200 Emotions Cause Behavior—Sort Of 201 Food for Thought:Mood and Food 202 Emotions Guide Thinking and Learning 203 (Anticipated) Emotion Guides Decisions and Choices 204 Emotions Help and Hurt Decision Making 205 Positive Emotions Counteract Negative Emotions 206 Other Benefits ofPositive Emotions 206 Individual Differences in Emotion 207 Are Emotions DifferentAcross Cultures? 207 AreWomen More Emotional Than Men? 209
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