Social Psychology

682 Pages·2015·90.495 MB·English

by  David G. Myers, Jean M. Twenge

SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY
12e

SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY
12e
David G. Myers
Hope College
Jean M. Twenge
San Diego State University
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, TWELFTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions
© 2013, 2010, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5
Student Edition Instructor Review Edition
ISBN 978-0-07-786197-1 978-1-259-68063-2
MHID 0-07-786197-3 1-259-68063-0
Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand
Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan
Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David
Managing Director: William Glass
Executive Director: Krista Bettino
Senior Brand Manager: Nancy Welcher
Director, Product Development: Meghan Campbell
Lead Product Developer: Dawn Groundwater
Marketing Managers: Ann Helgerson, AJ Laferrera, Christina Yu
Digital Product Analyst: Neil Kahn
Senior Product Developer: Judith Kromm
Editorial Coordinator: Elisa Odoardi
Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl
Program Manager: Debra Hash
Content Project Managers: Sandy Wille; Amber Bettcher
Buyer: Laura Fuller
Designer: Matt Backhaus
Content Licensing Specialists: (photo) Shawntel Schmitt; (text) Beth Thole
Cover Image: © RADEK MICA/AFP/Getty Images
Compositor: Aptara®, Inc.
Printer: R. R. Donnelley
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension
of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Myers, David G.
Social psychology / David G. Myers, Hope College, Holland, Michigan with Jean M. Twenge,
San Diego State University.—12e [edition].
pages cm
ISBN 978-0-07-786197-1 (alk. paper)
ISBN 0-07-786197-3 (alk. paper)
1. Social psychology. I. Twenge, Jean M., 1971– II. Title.
HM1033.M944 2016
302—dc23 2015022159
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
For Kathy Adamski
With gratitude for 34 years of friendship and support
v
vi Part One Social Thinking
About the Authors
S
ince receiving his University of Iowa Ph.D., David Myers has professed psychology
at Michigan’s Hope College. Hope College students have invited him to be their
commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.”
With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’s research has appeared
in some three dozen scientific books and periodicals, including Science, the American
Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psychologist.
He has also communicated psychological science through his
articles appearing in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education
to Scientific American, and through his seventeen books, including
The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils.
Myers’s research and writings have been recognized by the
Gordon Allport Prize, by an “honored scientist” award from the
Federation of Associations in the Brain and Behavioral Sciences,
and by the Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of
Personality-Social Psychology.
He has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission,
helped found a center for families in poverty, and spoken to
hundreds of college and community groups. In recognition of his
efforts to transform the way America provides assistive listening
for people with hearing loss (see hearingloop.org), he has
received awards from the American Academy of Audiology and
ns the Hearing Loss Association of America.
o
elati He bikes to work year-round and plays pick-up basketball.
R
blic David and Carol Myers have three children and one grandchild.
u
P
e
g
olle As Professor of Psychology at San Diego State University,
C
e Jean M. Twenge has authored more than 120 scientific publica-
p
o
H tions on generational differences, cultural change, social rejec-
tion, gender roles, self-esteem, and narcissism. Her research has
been covered in Time, Newsweek, The New York Times, USA
Today, U.S. News and World Report, and The Washington Post,
and she has been featured on Today, Good Morning America,
CBS This Morning, Fox and Friends, NBC Nightly News,
Dateline NBC, and National Public Radio.
She summarized this research for a broader audience in the
books Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More
Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever
Before and The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Enti-
tlement (co-authored with W. Keith Campbell). She has written
for general audiences on several websites and magazines, includ-
ing a piece for The Atlantic that was nominated for a National
Magazine Award. She frequently gives talks and seminars on
generational differences to audiences such as college faculty and
staff, military personnel, camp directors, and corporate
executives.
Jr.
er, Dr. Twenge grew up in Minnesota and Texas. She holds a B.A.
ak and M.A. from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. from the
Huff University of Michigan. She completed a postdoctoral research fel-
dy lowship in social psychology at Case Western Reserve University.
n
Sa She lives in San Diego with her husband and three daughters.
vi
Brief Contents
Preface xix
Chapter 1
Introducing Social Psychology 1
Part One Social Thinking
Chapter 2
The Self in a Social World 27
Chapter 3
Social Beliefs and Judgments 61
Chapter 4 Behavior and Attitudes 97 e RF
at
est
g
a
m
Part Two Social Influence ay/I
D
a
n
n
Chapter 5 o
Genes, Culture, and Gender 121 D
©
Chapter 6
Conformity and Obedience 153
Chapter 7
Persuasion 188
Chapter 8
Group Influence 218
F
R
k
Part Three Social Relations Stoc
h
nc
Chapter 9 Prejudice: Disliking Others 254 k/Pu
Chapter 10 Aggression: Hurting Others 296 estoc
ur
Chapter 11 Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and ©P
Loving Others 333
Chapter 12
Helping 375
Chapter 13
Conflict and Peacemaking 412
F
R
Part Four Applying Social Psychology g
n
hi
Chapter 14 Social Psychology in the Clinic 448 Publis
m
Chapter 15 Social Psychology in Court 479 gra
n
©I
Chapter 16
Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future 506
McGraw-Hill Education Psychology
APA Documentation Style Guide
Epilogue 529
References R-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index/Glossary SI-1
vii
Table of Contents
Preface xix I Knew It All Along: Is Social Psychology Simply
Common Sense? 11
CHAPTER 1
Focus On: I Knew It All Along 13
Introducing Social Psychology 1
Research Methods: How Do We Do Social
Psychology? 14
What Is Social Psychology? 2
Forming and Testing Hypotheses 14
Correlational Research: Detecting
What Are Social Psychology’s Big Ideas? 3
Natural Associations 15
We Construct Our Social Reality 3 Experimental Research: Searching for
Our Social Intuitions Are Often Powerful Cause and Effect 21
but Sometimes Perilous 4 Generalizing from Laboratory to Life 24
Social Influences Shape Our Behavior 5
Personal Attitudes and Dispositions Postscript: Why We Wrote This Book 26
Also Shape Behavior 6
Social Behavior Is Biologically Rooted 6
Social Psychology’s Principles Are Applicable in
Part One: Social Thinking
Everyday Life 7
How Do Human Values Influence Social
CHAPTER 2
Psychology? 8
Obvious Ways Values Enter Psychology 8 The Self in a Social World 27
Not-So-Obvious Ways Values Enter Psychology 9
Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us
About Ourselves? 28
Research Close-Up: On Being Nervous About
Looking Nervous 29
Self-Concept: Who Am I? 31
At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of
Self 31
Self and Culture 32
Self-Knowledge 37
The Inside Story: Hazel Markus
and Shinobu Kitayama on Cultural
Psychology 38
What Is the Nature and Motivating Power of
Self-Esteem? 42
Self-Esteem Motivation 43
The Trade-off of Low vs. High
Self-Esteem 45
Self-Efficacy 47
What Is Self-Serving Bias? 48
Explaining Positive and Negative
F Events 49
R
es Can We All Be Better Than
g
ma Average? 50
nd I Focus On: Self-Serving Bias—How Do I Love Me?
e
Bl Let Me Count the Ways 50
nc/ Unrealistic Optimism 51
aez I False Consensus and Uniqueness 53
el
P Explaining Self-Serving Bias 54
uis
e L
os
©J
v iii
How Do People Manage Their
Self-Presentation? 55
Self-Handicapping 55
Impression Management 56
What Does It Mean To Have “Self-Control”? 58
Postscript: Twin Truths—The Perils of Pride, the ©Somos Photography/Veer RF
Powers of Positive Thinking 60
CHAPTER 3 Role Playing 103
Saying Becomes Believing 105
Social Beliefs and Judgments 61 Evil and Moral Acts 105
Social Movements 107
How Do We Judge Our Social Worlds,
Why Does Our Behavior Affect
Consciously and Unconsciously? 62
Our Attitudes? 108
Priming 62
Intuitive Judgments 64 Self-Presentation: Impression Management 109
Overconfidence 66 Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance 109
Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts 68 The Inside Story: Leon Festinger on Dissonance
Counterfactual Thinking 72 Reduction 112
Illusory Thinking 73 Self-Perception 113
Moods and Judgments 75 Comparing the Theories 118
The Inside Story: Joseph P. Forgas: Can Bad
Postscript: Changing Ourselves Through
Weather Improve Your Memory? 76
Action 120
How Do We Perceive Our Social Worlds? 77
Perceiving and Interpreting Events 77
Belief Perseverance 79 Part Two: Social Influence
Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Our
Worlds 79
CHAPTER 5
How Do We Explain Our Social Worlds? 82
Genes, Culture, and Gender 121
Attributing Causality: To the Person
or the Situation 82
The Fundamental Attribution Error 84 How Are We Influenced by Human Nature and
Cultural Diversity? 122
How Do Our Social Beliefs Matter? 90
Genes, Evolution, and Behavior 123
Focus On: The Self-Fulfilling Psychology of the Culture and Behavior 124
Stock Market 90 Focus On: The Cultural Animal 124
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance 91 Research Close-Up: Passing Encounters,
Getting from Others What We Expect 92 East and West 127
What Can We Conclude About Social Beliefs and How Are Males and Females Alike and
Judgments? 94 Different? 131
Gender and Genes 132
Postscript: Reflecting on Illusory Thinking 96 Independence Versus Connectedness 133
Social Dominance 136
Aggression 137
CHAPTER 4
Sexuality 138
Behavior and Attitudes 97
Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes
Naturally? 140
How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our
Behavior? 98 Gender and Mating Preferences 140
Reflections on Evolutionary
When Attitudes Predict Behavior 99
Psychology 143
When Does Our Behavior Affect Focus On: Evolutionary Science
and Religion 143
Our Attitudes? 103
Gender and Hormones 144
ix