Social Psychology PDF
Preview Social Psychology
Social Psychology 2 Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen William Paterson University, New Jersey Wind Goodfriend Buena Vista University 3 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Canada. ISBN 978-1-5063-5751-5 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Lara Parra Development Editor: Marian Provenzano Associate Editor: Lucy Berbeo Editorial Assistant: Zachary Valladon 4 Production Editor: Olivia Weber-Stenis Copy Editor: Gillian Dickens Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Theresa Kay Indexer: Judy Hunt Cover Designer: Rose Storey Marketing Manager: Katherine Hepburn 5 Brief Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1: An Introduction to Social Psychology Chapter 2: Research Methods Chapter 3: The Social Self Chapter 4: Social Cognition Chapter 5: Person Perception Chapter 6: Attitudes and Persuasion Chapter 7: Social Influence: Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience Chapter 8: Group Processes Chapter 9: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Chapter 10: Helping and Prosocial Behavior Chapter 11: Aggression Chapter 12: Intimate Relationships Applied Mini-Chapters A: Social Psychology and a Sustainable Environment B: Social Psychology of Law and the Courtroom C: Social Psychology of Stress and Health D: Social Psychology and Happiness: Positive Psychology E: Social Psychology and Behavioral Economics F: Social Psychology and Relationship Violence G: Social Psychology of Work: Industrial/Organizational Psychology H: Social Psychology of Volunteerism and Internships References Glossary Index 6 Detailed Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1. An Introduction to Social Psychology What Is Social Psychology? Defining Social Psychology Social Thinking, Social Influence, and Social Behavior Similar, but Different, Fields That Study Human Social Behavior How Social Psychology Was Born: A Brief History Kurt Lewin: Social Psychology’s Pioneer Different Perspectives: Women and People of Color Join Social Psychology What Are the Big Questions Within Social Psychology? Big Question 1: Which Is More Influential—Personality or the Environment? Big Question 2: Are We Shaped More by Biological Factors (“Nature”) or by Environmental Factors (“Nurture”)? Big Question 3: Are People Basically Good or Basically Evil? Big Question 4: How Do People Decide Whether to Maintain Romantic Relationships? Big Question 5: What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Living in Groups? Big Question 6: How Much Are Thoughts and Behaviors Influenced by Culture? Big Question 7: Why Do Stereotypes and Prejudices Exist and Persist? Big Question 8: How Do Media Outlets Shape Our Thoughts and Behaviors? Big Question 9: Do People Think Logically or Intuitively? Big Question 10: Are Humans Special? Is Science a Valid Way to Learn About Complex Social Behavior? Experiments Can Isolate Causality Proving Ourselves Wrong: The Falsification Principle Beyond Experiments: Other Methods and Analysis How Can Social Psychology Make My Life Better Now? Apply Each Topic to Your Own Life Use the Self-Report Scales to Compare Yourself to Others Critically Analyze Your Opinions After Each Section Chapter Summary Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application Personal Reflections 7 Chapter 2. Research Methods What Are the Elements of the Scientific Method? The Cycle of Science: The Scientific Method Creating and Measuring Constructs Types of Research Archival Studies Naturalistic Observation Surveys Case Studies Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Social Desirability How Do Social Psychologists Design Studies? Preexperimental Designs True Experiments Independent and Dependent Variables Types of True Experiment Between-Participants Versus Within-Participants Quasi-Experimental Designs Correlational Designs Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Correlation and Causation in Harry Potter Cutting-Edge Combinations How Do Social Psychologists Analyze Their Results? Comparing Groups Comparing Two Groups: The t Test Statistic Comparing Three or More Groups: Analysis of Variance Patterns in a Single Group: Correlations Testing for Statistical Significance: p Values How Can Research Be Analyzed in Terms of Quality? Reliability, Validity, and Replication Ethical Considerations Spotlight on Research Methods: Questions Your Institutional Review Board Might Ask Chapter Summary Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application Personal Reflection Chapter 3. The Social Self What Is the “Self”? The Scientific Study of Self-Awareness Early Research on Self-Awareness: Darwin and Imitation Testing Self-Awareness: The Mirror Self-Recognition Test Defining and Measuring the Self-Concept Social Comparison Theory 8 Social Identity Theory The Regional Self The Cultural Self Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals Self-Schema Theory How Do We Know the Self Is Social? Self-Perception Theory: Behaviors Tell Us Who We Are Self-Discrepancy Theory: Are We Trying to Juggle Three Selves? The Actual Self The Ideal Self The Ought Self When Selves Don’t Align: Self-Discrepancy Self-Expansion Theory: Inclusion of Others in the Self Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Self-Discrepancy Theory and Wonder Woman Why Do We Present Different Selves in Different Situations? We Use Impression Management to Get What We Want Ingratiation: Other-Enhancements and Opinion Conformity Self-Promotion: Self-Enhancements and Entitlements Conspicuous Consumption Brain Damage Can Limit Self-Presentation Ability Phineas Gage: A Landmark Case Study Say Goodbye to Self-Presentation Self-Monitoring: Social Chameleons Low Self-Monitors High Self-Monitors Adaptability Versus Authenticity: Which Way Is Best? The Symphonic Self: The Poetry of Science Is the Truth Always the Self’s Friend? Optimal Margin Theory: Positive Illusions Can Be Beneficial Self-Serving Cognitive Biases Biased Views of Our Own Traits Biased Views of Our Own Behaviors Biased Views of Feedback About the Self Spotlight on Research Methods: Positive Illusions in Dating Relationships What Is Self-Esteem and How Can We Measure It? Defining Self-Esteem Two Strategies for Measuring Self-Esteem Measuring Explicit Self-Esteem (Directly) Measuring Implicit Self-Esteem (Indirectly) Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Rosenberg’s (1965) Self-Esteem Scale Collective Self-Esteem 9 Collective Self-Esteem and Race Sports Fan Psychology: Basking in Reflected Glory Self-Esteem Has a Dark Side The Boosting Self-Esteem Movement Dangers of Elevated Self-Esteem Negative Feedback Can Help Us Improve The Self-Esteem Intervention That Backfired The Relentless Pursuit of Self-Esteem May Be Harmful Insidious Dangers of Overvaluing Self-Esteem The Dangers of Narcissism Chapter Summary Theories in Review Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application Personal Reflection Chapter 4. Social Cognition How Do We Think? Dual Processing: Intuition and Logic Our Two Thinking Systems Interact Social Thinking Is Shaped by Cultural Influences Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Need for Cognition Spotlight on Research Methods: Culture Influences How We Think How Do We Remember Social Information? Schemas Label and Categorize Scripts Create Expectations About What Happens Next Stereotypes Ignore Individual Differences Within Groups Why Do Our Brains Sometimes Make Mistakes? Information Overload Leads to Mental Errors Cognitive Misers Satisficers Versus Maximizers Magical Thinking Encourages Mental Errors Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: The Maximization Scale “If Only . . .” Wishes Counterfactual Thinking: Upward and Downward The Optimistic Bias and the Planning Fallacy Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Counterfactual Thinking in Spider-Man From Where Does Intuition Come? Intuition Relies on Mental Accessibility Priming Increases Mental Accessibility Spotlight on Research Methods: How Priming Can Test for Racism Experience Improves Mental Accessibility Can We Trust Our Intuition? The Role of Heuristics and Biases Heuristics Facilitate Mental Accessibility 10
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