Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World PDF
Preview Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
SOCIALO RIGINS OF DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY LoarnPdde aistnah net MakoitfnhM Beo dWeorrnl d BARRINGMTOOONR JER, PENGUIN UNIVERSBIOTOYKS PenguiBno okLst dH,a rmondsworMtihd,d lesexE,n gland PenguiBno oks AustraLltidaR, i ngwoodV,i ctoriAau,s tralia Firsptu blisihnet dh eU .S.A1.96 6 PublisihneG dr eaBtr itabiyn A lleLna neT heP enguiPnr es1s¢7 PublisihneP de regrBionoek s1 91>9 ReissuienPd e nguiUnn iversBiotoyk s1 973 Reprint1e97d4 Copyrig©h tB arringMtooorne ,J r1,96 6 Madea ndp rintiendG reaBtr itabiyn HazelWla tso&n VineLyt d AylesbuBruyc,k s Seti nM onotype Spectrum Thivso lumw.a sp reparuendd ear gra[n'to m the CarnegiCeo rporatiojoN ne w YorkTh.a t Corporation is noth,o wevetrh,ea uthoorw,n erp,u blisohrep rr,o prioeftth oisr publicaatnidiso nn ott obe understaosao pdp roviTlg byv irtoufie t gsr anatn yo jt hes tatements made orv iewesx pres{sheedr ein. ToE .C.M, Thisb ooki ss olsdu bjetcott hec ondItion thaitts hanlolt b,y w ayo ft radoer o therwise, bel enrte,- sohlidr,e odu to,r o therwicsierc ulated withoutth ep ublishperri'ocsro nseinnta nyf ormo f bindionrgc oveort hetrh atnh aitn w hicih ti s publisahneddw ithouast i milcaorn dition includtihnigcs o nditbieoinn igm posed ont hes ubsequpeunrtc haser PENGUIUNN IVEIRTSYB OOKS SOCIAL ORIGINS OF DICTA TQRSHIP AND DEMOCRACY DrB arringMtooonr Jer w asb orni nW ashington, D.C.o, n1 2 Ma1y9 1H3.e wase ducataetWd i lliams Collegweh,e rhee t ooka degreienG reeka nd Latiann,d a tY aleU niverswihteyr hee g ainead Ph.Di.nS ociolHoegiy .sn owl ectuinrS eorc iology and Senior RFeeslelaorawtc t hh eR ussiRaen searCcehn teartH arvarUdn iversHiitsyb .o oks incluSdoev iPeotl itTihceDs i,l emmoaJ PowTeerr,r or andPr ogresUsS,S R,P olitPiocwaelr a ndS ocial TheorAy C,r itioqJuPuer Teo lera(nccoe- auwtihtohr RoberPt.W olfafn dH erbeMratr cusaen)d T he CritiScpailrE ists:a IynsH onouorjH erbeMratr cuse (co-edwiittohKr .H . Wolff)A.m ongh ism ost receensts aiynps e riodiacrae'l Tsh ougohtnVs i o lencaen dS ocial Ch'aOnngR ea't ional Iinn quiry UniversTiotdiaeysa' n d' Revoluinti Aomne rica?' He wasa wardtehdWe o odroWwi lsoFno undation Award( 1967a)n,dt heM acIveArw ard( 196f8o)r hibso oSko ciOarli gionJsD ictataonrDdse hmiopc racy. Contents PrefaacnedA cknowledgments viii PART ONE REVOLUTIONAROYR IGINOSF CAPITALIDSETM OCRACY ChaptIe.Er n glaanndtd h Ceo ntriboufVt iioolnesn ce to Gradualism 3 I.A ristocIrmaptuilcsb eesh intdh eT ransittioo n Capitailnit shmCe o untryside 3 2.A grarAisapne cotfts h Cei vWialr 14 3.E nclosaunrdet sh eD estrucotfit ohneP easant2r0y 4.A ristocRrualtfeio cTr r iumphCaanpti talism2 9 ChaptIeIrE. v oluatniRdoe nv olutFiraonnc ei n 40 I.C ontrawsittsh Engalnadtn hde Oirri gins 40 2.T heN oblRee spontsoCe o mmercAigarli cult4u5r e 3.C laRsesl ationusnhdieRpros y aAlb solutism 56 4.T heA ristocOrffaetnisci avnedt heC ollaopfs e Absolutism 62 5.T heP easaRnetlsa't iotnosR haidpi caldiusrmi ng thRee volution 70 6.P easaangtasi tnhsRete volutTihoenV :e ndee 92 7.S ociCaoln sequeonfcR eesv olutiToenrarroyr 110 8.R ecapitulation ro8 ChaptIeIrIT .h eA meriCciavnWi alr T:h eL asCta pi talRiesvto lution III I.P lantaatnidoF anc torAyn: I nevitCaobnlflei cItI?I vi SOCIOARLI GIONFSD I CTATORASNHDID PE MOCRACY �.T hreFeo rmosfA meriCcaapni tGarloiwstth I IS 3.T owaradnE xplanoaftt ihCoean u soefts h e W1a31r 4.T heR evolutIimopnuaalrnysid et Fsa ilure 141 5.T heM eanionftg h Wea r 149 PART TWO THREE ROUTEST O THE MODERN WORLD IN ASIA NoteP:r olileimnCs o mpariEnugr opeaanndA siaPno litiPcraolc esses 159 ChapItVer.T heD ecaoyf I mperCihailn aan dt heO ri- ginosft hCeo mmuniVsatr iant 162 I. TheU ppeCrl asasnetdsh Iem perSiyaslt em 161 2.T heG entarnytd h Weo rlodfC ommerce 174 3.T heF ailtuorA ed opCto mmercAigarli cul1t7u8r e 4.C ollaopfts heIe m perSiyaslta enmRd i soeft he Warlords 181 5.T heK uomintIanntge ralnuiddt Mese aning 187 6.R ebellRieovno,l uatnitdoh nPe,e asants 201 ChapVt.eA rs iaFna sciJsma:p an 218 I.R evoluftriooAmnb ovTeh: eR espoonfst eh e RuliCnlga stsoOe lsda nNde wT hreats 118 �.T heA bsenocfae P easRaenvto lution 154 3.T heM eiSjeit tleTmheenN te:wL andloarndds Capitalism 275 4.P olitCiocnasle queTnhceNe ast:u orfJe a panese Fasci�m 291 ChapVIt.e rDe mocraicnAy s iaI:n diaan dt heP ricoef PeaceCfhualn ge 314 I. Relevaonftc heIe n diEaxnp erience 314 2.M oguIln diOab:s tatcoDl eemso cracy 317 3.V illSaogcei eOtbys:t atcoRl eebse llion 330 4.C hangPerso dubcyet dh Ber ituipts oh1 857 341 s.P axB ritan1n8i5c-7a1 947A: L andloPradr'as dise? 353 Contents vii 6.T heB ourgeLoiintsko t hPee asanttrhyr ough Nonviolence 370 7.A Notoen t hEex teanntdC haraocftPe era sant Violence 378 8.I ndepenadnedtn hcPeer iocfeP eaceCfhualn g3e85 PART THREE · THEORETICALI MPLICATIONSA ND PROJECTIONS ChapVtIeIrT. h eD emocrRaotuitceM otdoeS ronc iety41 3 ChapVtIeIrRI e.v oluftrioAombno vaen Fda scism 433 ChapItXe.rT heP easaannRtdes v olution 453 EpiloRgeuaec: tiaonnRdae rvyo lutIimoangaerryy 484 AppendAi xN:o teS taotni asntdCi ocnss ervHaitsi-ve toriography 509 Bibliography 524 Index 547 PrefaacnedA cknowledgments THISB OOK ENDEAVORS TO EXPLAIN thvea ripeodl itrioclpaellsa yed byt hlea nduepdp celra sasnetdsh p ee asainntt hrteyr ansformation froamg rarian (sdoecfiinseeitdmi paelsssy t awtheesr ael armgae joriotfty h peo pulaltiivooeffnst hlea ndt)om oderinnd ustrial oneSso.m ewhmaotr sep ecifiictia sal nlay t,t etmopd ti scotvheer ranogefh istocroincdailtu inodnesr whicohrb oetoihftt .hh eers e rurgarlo uhpasv' eb ecoimmep orftoarnctbe esh itnhdee m ergence ofW estepranr liamveenrtsaiorofdyn e sm ocraancddyi .c tat.o rships oft hrei gahnttd h lee ftth,ai tsf ,a scainscdto mmunriesgti mes. Sinncoep robleevmec ro metsot hset udoefnh tu masno ciety outo fa bluaen de mptsyk yi,ti sw orthwthoii lned icvaetrey brietflhyce o nsidebreahtiitnohdni ss Foonrse o.mt ei mbee fobree ginnitnhgwi osr ikne arnmeosrtte h atne yne aargsoI h, a bde come skeptoiftc hael theisnidsu stthrwaiatast l hmieas imcn a uosfte w en tieth-cteonttaulriryte agriimbaeensc ,a oufst ehv ee royb vious fact thaRtu ssainadC hina owveerrew helmaignrgalrcyio aunn tries whetnh ceo mmuneissttasb lishedF otarhl eomntsgie mbleev feosr.e thaIht a dbe ecno nvintcheadt adtehqeuoarteceto imcparle hension ofp olitsiycsatlhe amdst oc omteo t erwmsi tAhs iainn stitutions anhdi stHoernyc.ie ts e emaetld e aasp tr omisstirnagtt eoig nyv es tigwahtaep to litciucrarlew netrssee utp a montgh cel aswsheos livoeffdt hceo untraynstdi odd ee voatsme u caht tenttoAi soina n as toW estesronc ieties. Theb oopkr es�finrts(sti Pna rIt)a d iscuosfst ihodene mo craatnidcc a pitraoluittsoett h meo deargnae s t htirsa nsformation workeidt soeulitfn E nglaFnrda,n acnedt, h Uen itSetda tMeys . origiinnatle nhtaidbo ene tno c ompltehtisese ctwiiotnsh i milar chapteGresr moanan nyd Ruisnos ridate ors hohwo wt hseo cial PrefaacneAd c knolwedgments origoifnf sa sciasnmdc ommuniisnEm u rope differtehdo sofefr om parliamednetmaorcyr aWciyt.hs omem isgivIid negcsi dteodd i s cartdh etsweo c haptpearrst,bl eyc autshebe o owka sa lreaqduyi te lonpga,r tbleyc aufisres t-arcactoeu bnetcsa maev aildaubrlietn hge Courosfew rititnowg h icihtw asi mpossfiobrml ee t oa dda ny thinbgyw ayo fi nterprtehtesi oncgih ails toorfty h etsweo c oun trieAstt. h es amet imIeh avset idlrla wfnr eeolnyG ermaann d Russian maftoetrrh ipeau lrsp oosfce o mparaitlilvues tarnadti ino n thet heoretdiicsaclu sosfiP oanr ItI IT.h eb ibliogrlaipsththyse Sourctehsah ta vfeo rmetdh eb asoifsm y concepotfGi eornm an and Russian socAibaaln dohnieisxntpgol riyac.ci cto uonftG se r manya ndR usshiaasa tl eatshtec ompensating aodfp vearntage mittimnogree x tenddiesdc us(siiPnoa nrI tI o)f t hAes iavteircs ions off ascicsomm,m unisamn,dp arliamednetmaorcyr aicny ,J apan, Chinaan,dI ndiwah,e raeg rarpiraonb lermesm aaicnu tSei.n cteh e histoarnyds ocisatlr uctouftr hee sceo untriisoe fst eqnu ituen knowtno e ducated Westercnr irtmeiaacydss e hrosws, o mien dul gencteoa na uthwohro w ritmeosr ea.b ouwth ahte k nowlse ss. Againssutca hs elecotfic oans ietis s p ossitbool bej etchtat th e rangiest o ow idfeo erff ectciovvee rbaygo en ep ersaonnd t oon ar rowt oy ielsdo ungde neralizAabtoiuottnh sep. o ssibtihlaittth ye undertawkaistn ogob iigt w oulbde i nappropfroitrah taeeu thtoor say motrheat nh at thhaevrbeee emna nyt imewsh enh ew ould havaeg reheeda rtCirliyt.oi fct sh see cotnydp e.mipgohitno tu tt hat nonoe ft hes mallsetra t-eSsw itzerland, Socrat nhdeLi onwa via, Countroinet sh ed emocrastiidcte h,es mallaerre aosfc ommunist victoorrcy o ntroontl h oe thesru,c ahsC ubat,h sea telolfiE taesst erEn uropNeo,r tVhi etnaNmo,r tKho re-ar eceiavneyc onsider atioHno.w i sit p ossitbogl een eraalbiozuteth ger owtohfW estern democraocroy f c OlIlmuwnhiislemex cludtihnegm D?o esn ott he exclusoifto hnes mallWeers tedrenm ocrasttiactp erso duacc ee r taiann tipeabsiaatnsht r oughtohuewt h olbeo okT?o t hiosb jection theiresI ,t hinakni, m persaonnsawle Trh.i sst udcyo ncentorna tes certaiimnp ortsatnatg iensa prolonsgoecdi parlo cewshsi chha s worked iotustie nsl efv ecroauln trAisep sa.ro tf t hipsr ocensesw sociaarlr angements huapvb ey v giroolweannn cdine othewra ys :x SOCIA� OROIFDG IICTNAST ORSAHNIDPD EMOCRACY whichha vmea dcee rtcaoiunn tproileist liecaadalet rd si fferent pointtsi mdieun r itnhgfie r shta lofft htew entcieentthu Trhye. focoufsi nteirosen si tn novatthiahotanl s e tdop olitpiowceanrlo, t ont he spreraedc eapontfdii onns tittuhtahitao vnbese ehna m mereodu te lsewheexrcee,p t twhheehyra evl ee tdo s ignificant poweirnw orlpdo liTthiecf sa.ct th atths em alcloeurn tdreipeesn d economiacnadpl ollyi tiocnba ilagln ydp" o werofnuelms e antsh at thdee cisiveo ft chaepuiosrle islt iioecu st stihdeeoi wrnb oundaries. Ita lsmeoa ntsh atth eir pporloibtlaiercmneasol rt e aclolmyp arable tot hoosfel argceoru ntTrhieerse.f aog reen esrtaalt eambeonutt thhei stoprrieccaoln doifdt eimooncsr oarac uyt horitcaorviearnism insgm aclolu ntarswi eelasls l arwgoeu lvde rlyi kbeels yob roasa d tob ea bstrpalcattliyt udinous. Fromt hisst andptohi.ean nta lyosfti hste r ansforomfa tion agradsaonc iienst pye cciofiucn tprrioedsu rceessua ltlt esaa ssrt e wardianslg a rggeern eraliIztia sit mipoonrst.fa onertx ,a mptloe , knohwo wt hseo luotfia ognr arpiraonb lceomnst ri-btutoth eeesd tablisohfpm aernlti amdeenmtoacrryia nEc nyg laanndtd h fea ilure as "yettos olvveer dyi fferoennectso nstiatt hurteetasodt e mocracy inI ndFiuar.t herfmooarrn eyg, i vceonu ntornyei s b ountdofi nd linoefcs a usatthiadotonn ofitt e asiinltymo o rgee netrhaelo ries. Convertsoesolt yr oand ge vottioto hne oarlyw acyasr rtihedesa n getrh aotn mea yo verempfhaacsttihszafie tta t heobreyy otnhde ir importiantn hcheei stoofir nyd ividualF ocrto huenrsteera iseosn.s thien terproeftt ahtteir oann sforimnsa etvieocrnoa uln ttraikeess upt hlea rgpeasrottf� hbeo ok. Int heeff otrotu nderstthaheri isdto ofar s yp ecciofiucn ta ry comparapteirvsep eccatlnie vatedo a skivnegru ys efaunlds ome timnees wq uestiTohnesr".ea rfeu rtahdevra ntCaogmepsa.r isons casne ravser oau gnhe gatcihveeco kna ccephtiesdt oerxipclaaln a tioAnnsd.a c omparativem aaylp epatrdoon aecwhh i stogreincal eralizIanpt iroanctsth.ie cfseee a tcuornesst ais tiuntigenl tee llectual procaensdms a kseu ca"hs tumdoyr teh aand ispacroaltlee ocft ion interecsatsiFenosgr.e xampalfet,ne ort ictihnagt Ipnedaisaann ts havseu fferienadm aterwiaayjl u asbto austm ucahs C hinpeesaes antdsu ritnhgne i neteaenntdtw he ntcieentthu wriitehsgo eunte rat-
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