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social media usage PDF

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SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE: EXAMINATION OF INFLUENCERS AND EFFECTS By STONEY L. BROOKS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Business JULY 2013 © Copyright by STONEY L. BROOKS, 2013 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by STONEY L. BROOKS, 2013 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of STONEY L. BROOKS find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Saonee Sarker, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Joseph Valacich, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Craig Parks, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Kristine Kuhn, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank each member of my committee individually for their great help and direction throughout the previous years. Saonee Sarker has been the rock that I am able to lean on. Her wisdom and knowledge have been invaluable to me and her enthusiasm for the project has helped keep me going. Joe Valacich has been a great mentor to me for understanding the field and how to write research that people will want to read. I will never forget that a story must always be told well. Craig Parks is one of the most intelligent people I have ever met. His knowledge of statistics and techniques has been a wonderful resource, and this work would look much different without his guidance. Finally, Kristine Kuhn has helped me understand the Organizational Behavior field and literature. This information will be of great use going forward in this stream of research. I would also like to thank a few others that have been beneficial for me to work with, discuss research with, or to learn from: Suprateek Sarker, Mauricio Featherman, Paul Clay, and Len Burns. Thank you all very much for everything. iii SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE: EXAMINATION OF INFLUENCERS AND EFFECTS Abstract By Stoney L. Brooks, Ph.D. Washington State University July 2013 Chair: Saonee Sarker This dissertation is concerned with investigating topics surrounding the phenomenon of social media usage. Essay One draws from the technology acceptance literature by utilizing concepts from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the model of hedonic technology acceptance. The purpose of this essay is to propose new technological and personal characteristics that influence the usage of hedonic social media. Essay Two utilizes Self-Discrepancy Theory. Self-Discrepancy Theory states that when a person “should” be doing one thing, but is actually doing something else, there is a cognitive discrepancy that leads to negative effects. This framework is used to show how usage of social media in a work environment can have detrimental internal and external effects to the user. Essay Three examines IT workers from around the world through the lenses of Person-Environment Fit and Job Characteristic Theory. This study examines how the combination of social media usage and job characteristics affects IT employees in the workplace. The results of these three essays have implications for both research and practice. Future research topics and areas of interest are iv provided for continuing this stream. Practical advice is also given for managers and educators alike concerning social media. v Table of Contents Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................... iiiii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iiv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... ix Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Essay One: Technological and Personal Characteristics that Influence Social Media Usage ....................... 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 11 Theoretical Background .......................................................................................................................... 14 Hypothesis Development ........................................................................................................................ 15 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 16 Personal Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 17 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 26 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 Discussion and Contribution ................................................................................................................... 29 Limitations and Future Research ............................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 31 References .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Appendices .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Essay Two: Negative Cognitive Effects of Social Media Usage in the Classroom An Empirical Examination ............... 50 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 50 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 53 Self-Discrepancy Theory...................................................................................................................... 54 Negative Outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 56 Hypothesis Development ........................................................................................................................ 57 Study 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 64 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 67 vi Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 Technostress Components .................................................................................................................. 70 Discussion................................................................................................................................................ 71 Study 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 72 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 74 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 76 Initial Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 76 Analysis by Group................................................................................................................................ 77 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 79 Comparing Users vs. Non-Users .......................................................................................................... 82 Technostress Components .................................................................................................................. 83 Discussion and Contribution ................................................................................................................... 86 Limitations and Future Research ............................................................................................................ 88 References .............................................................................................................................................. 90 Appendices .............................................................................................................................................. 99 Essay 3: IT Job Characteristics and Negative Social Media Symptoms: An Examination of Person-Environment Misfit ........................................................................................ 104 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 104 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 107 Social Media ...................................................................................................................................... 107 IT Professionals ................................................................................................................................. 108 Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Development ....................................................................... 109 Person-Environment Fit .................................................................................................................... 109 Job Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 110 Social Media Usage Symptoms ......................................................................................................... 114 Social Media Restriction in the Workplace ....................................................................................... 118 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 118 SMWC Scale Development ................................................................................................................... 120 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 123 Direct Effects ..................................................................................................................................... 124 Linear Regression Moderation .......................................................................................................... 125 Polynomial Regression and Response Surface Analysis.................................................................... 125 vii Results ................................................................................................................................................... 126 SMWC and Job Characteristics.......................................................................................................... 126 Technostress and Job Characteristics ............................................................................................... 130 Social Media Regulation .................................................................................................................... 133 Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 134 Limitations and Future Research .......................................................................................................... 136 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 137 References ............................................................................................................................................ 139 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 148 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 152 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Demographic Details .................................................................................................................. 25 Table 1-2: Correlation of Constructs and Square Root of AVE Values (bold in diagonal) ........................... 27 Table 1-3: Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 28 Table A1-1: Partial listing of Social Media News Stories ............................................................................. 39 Table A1-2: Social Media in Organizations ................................................................................................. 40 Table A1-3: Potential Characteristics Identified for Study .......................................................................... 42 Table A1-4: Item Loadings and Reliabilities ................................................................................................ 44 Table 2-1: Demographic Details .................................................................................................................. 63 Table 2-2: Correlation of Constructs and Square Root of AVE Values (bold in diagonal) ........................... 64 Table 2-3: Demographic Details .................................................................................................................. 69 Table 2-4: Correlation of Constructs and Square Root of AVE for the Full Model ..................................... 72 Table 2-5: Correlation of Constructs and Square Root of AVE for the Users Group .................................. 73 Table 2-6: Correlation of Constructs and Square Root of AVE for the Non-Users Group .......................... 74 Table 2-7: Group Comparisons of the Hypotheses ..................................................................................... 78 Table 2-8: Group Comparisons of the Relationships .................................................................................. 80 Table 2-9: Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 81 Table 2-10: Technostress Breakdown ......................................................................................................... 82 Table A2-1: Negative Effects of Social Media ............................................................................................. 90 Table A2-2: Items and Loadings for Study 1. .............................................................................................. 92 Table A2-3: Items and Loadings for Study 2. .............................................................................................. 94 Table 3-1: Job Characteristics ................................................................................................................... 103 Table 3-2: Interaction Hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 108 Table 3-3: Fit Statistics .............................................................................................................................. 113 ix

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OF INFLUENCERS AND EFFECTS. By to propose new technological and personal characteristics that influence the usage of hedonic social media. 1/31/2012 Why I Have. Facebook. Fatigue http://finance.yahoo.com/news/why-i-have-facebook-fatigue.html. 1/31/2012 Jake Reilly's. 'Amish Project:'.
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