Social Inequality PDF
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Social Inequality Social Inequality Kathryn M. Neckerman Editor Russell Sage Foundation New York The Russell Sage Foundation The Russell Sage Foundation, one of the oldest of America’s general purpose foundations, was established in 1907 by Mrs. Margaret Olivia Sage for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States.” The Foundation seeks to fulfill this mandate by fostering the development and dissemination of knowledge about the country’s political, social, and economic problems. While the Foundation endeavors to assure the accuracy and objectivity of each book it publishes, the conclusions and interpretations in Russell Sage Foundation publica- tions are those of the authors and not of the Foundation, its Trustees, or its staff. Publication by Russell Sage, therefore, does not imply Foundation endorsement. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Robert E. Denham, Chair Alan S. Blinder Jennifer L. Hochschild Cora B. Marrett Christine K. Cassel Timothy A. Hultquist Eugene Smolensky Thomas D. Cook Kathleen Hall Jamieson Eric Wanner John A. Ferejohn Melvin Konner Mary C. Waters Larry V. Hedges Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Social inequality / Kathryn M. Neckerman, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-0-87154-620-3 — ISBN 13: 978-0-87154-621-0 (pbk.) ISBN 10: 0-87154-620-5 — ISBN 10: 0-87154-621-3 (pbk.) 1. Equality—United States. I. Neckerman, Kathryn M. HN90.S6S55 2004 305—dc22 2003069340 Copyright (cid:2) 2004 by Russell Sage Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Reproduction by the United States Government in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Informa- tion Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. Text design by Genna Patacsil RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 112 East 64th Street, New York, New York 10021 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents Foreword xiii Eric Wanner Introduction xvii Kathryn M. Neckerman PART I FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD 1 Chapter 1 The Uneven Spread of Single-Parent Families: What Do We Know? Where Do We Look for Answers? 3 David T. Ellwood and Christopher Jencks Chapter 2 Women’s Education and Family Timing: Outcomes and Trends Associated with Age at Marriage and First Birth 79 Steven P. Martin Chapter 3 Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children’s Well-Being 119 Anne R. Pebley and Narayan Sastry PART II INVESTMENTS IN CHILDREN 147 Chapter 4 Trends in Children’s Attainments and Their Determinants as Family Income Inequality Has Increased 149 Robert Haveman, Gary Sandefur, Barbara Wolfe, and Andrea Voyer Chapter 5 Inequality in Parental Investment in Child-Rearing: Expenditures, Time, and Health 189 Suzanne Bianchi, Philip N. Cohen, Sara Raley, and Kei Nomaguchi PART III INEQUALITY IN SCHOOL AND WORK 221 Chapter 6 Inequality in Early Childhood Education and Care: What Do We Know? 223 Marcia K. Meyers, Dan Rosenbaum, Christopher Ruhm, and Jane Waldfogel Chapter 7 Progress in Schooling 271 Robert M. Hauser Chapter 8 College-Going and Inequality 319 Thomas J. Kane Chapter 9 Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use 355 Paul DiMaggio, Eszter Hargittai, Coral Celeste, and Steven Shafer v vi Contents Chapter 10 The Shareholder Value Society: A Review of the Changes in Working Conditions and Inequality in the United States, 1976 to 2000 401 Neil Fligstein and Taek-Jin Shin Chapter 11 The Changing Distribution of Education Finance, 1972 to 1997 433 Sean Corcoran, William N. Evans, Jennifer Godwin, Sheila E. Murray, and Robert M. Schwab Chapter 12 School Inequality: What Do We Know? 467 Meredith Phillips and Tiffani Chin PART IV INEQUALITY IN HEALTH 521 Chapter 13 Health, Income, and Inequality 523 John Mullahy, Stephanie Robert, and Barbara Wolfe Chapter 14 The Income-Health Relationship and the Role of Relative Deprivation 545 Christine E. Eibner and William N. Evans Chapter 15 Inequality in Life and Death: What Drives Racial Trends in U.S. Child Death Rates? 569 Janet Currie and V. Joseph Hotz PART V INEQUALITY IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 633 Chapter 16 Political Equality: What Do We Know About It? 635 Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady Chapter 17 An Analytical Perspective on Participatory Inequality and Income Inequality 667 Henry E. Brady Chapter 18 What, Me Vote? 703 Richard B. Freeman Chapter 19 Civic Transformation and Inequality in the Contemporary United States 729 Theda Skocpol PART VI INEQUALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY 769 Chapter 20 Crime, Punishment, and American Inequality 771 Bruce Western, Meredith Kleykamp, and Jake Rosenfeld Chapter 21 The Consequences of Income Inequality for Redistributive Policy in the United States 797 Gabriel S. Lenz Chapter 22 Income Distribution and Public Social Expenditure: Theories, Effects, and Evidence 821 Lars Osberg, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Jonathan Schwabish Contents vii Chapter 23 Politics, Public Policy, and Inequality: A Look Back at the Twentieth Century 861 Howard Rosenthal PART VII INEQUALITY IN WEALTH 893 Chapter 24 U.S. Black-White Wealth Inequality 895 John Karl Scholz and Kara Levine PART VIII METHODS AND CONCEPTS 931 Chapter 25 Assessing the Effect of Economic Inequality 933 William N. Evans, Michael Hout, and Susan E. Mayer Chapter 26 How Inequality May Affect Intergenerational Mobility 969 Michael Hout Contributors KATHRYN M. NECKERMAN is associate director of the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy (ISERP) at Columbia University. SUZANNE BIANCHI is professor of sociology and director of the Maryland Population Research Center at the University of Maryland, College Park. HENRY E. BRADY is Class of 1941 Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. CORAL CELESTE is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Princeton University. TIFFANI CHIN is a postdoctoral scholar at the UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research. PHILIP N. COHEN is assistant professor of sociology at the University of California, Irvine. SEAN CORCORAN is assistant professor of economics at California State University, Sacramento. JANET CURRIE is professor of economics at the University of California, Los Angeles, and research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. PAUL DIMAGGIO is professor of sociology at Princeton University. CHRISTINE E. EIBNER is associate economist at RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California. DAVID T. ELLWOOD is Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Political Economy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. WILLIAM N. EVANS is professor of economics at the University of Maryland, College Park. NEIL FLIGSTEIN is Class of 1939 Chancellor’s Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. RICHARD B. FREEMAN is Herbert Ascherman Professor of Economics at Harvard University, codirector of the Labor and Work Life Forum at the Harvard Law School, ix
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