Social entrepreneurship : theory and practice

248 Pages·2012·2.701 MB·English

by  Ryszard Praszkier, Andrzej Nowak

social entrepreneurship
SocialEntrepreneurship:TheoryandPracticeisaboutthecreativewaysinwhich
socialentrepreneurssolvepressingandinsurmountablesocialproblems.The-
oriesofsocialchangearepresentedtohelpdemystifythe“magic”ofmaking
animmense,yetdurableandirreversible,socialimpact.Utilizingcasestudies
drawnfromvariousfieldsandallovertheworld,theauthorsdocumenthow
socialentrepreneursfosterbottom-upchangethatempowerspeopleandsoci-
eties.Theyalsoreviewthespecificpersonalitytraitsofsocialentrepreneursand
introduce the new kind of leadership they represent. This book will be valu-
able to undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students while remaining
accessibletononacademicreadersthankstoitsclearlanguage,illustrativecase
studies,andguidelinesonhowtobecomeasuccessfulsocialentrepreneur.
RyszardPraszkier,Ph.D.,isaresearcherattheUniversityofWarsawComplex
Systems Research Center. His main field of interest involves the mechanisms
ofprofoundpeacefultransitions,includingsocial-changeprocessesfacilitated
by social entrepreneurs, with a special focus on the role and properties of
socialnetworkssupportingdurablesocialchange.Dr.Praszkierhasauthored
severalacademicpublicationsinthatfield.Formorethanfifteenyears,hehas
workedforAshoka:InnovatorsforthePublic,aninternationalassociationthat
promotessocialentrepreneurshipinmorethanseventycountries.
AndrzejNowak,Ph.D.,isaprofessorandlecturerattheWarsawSchoolofSocial
SciencesandHumanities(whereheisthecofounderoftheInstituteofSocial
PsychologyoftheInternetandCommunication),FloridaAtlanticUniversity,
University of Warsaw (where he is the cofounder of the Institute for Social
Studies and a founding director of the Complex Systems Research Center),
andColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkDr.Nowakhaswrittenandcontributed
to a number of foundational theoretical books, monographs, and articles in
the fields of social psychology, dynamical social impact, social networks, and
dynamicsofsocietaltransition.

Social Entrepreneurship
theory and practice
RyszardPraszkier
UniversityofWarsawandAshoka
AndrzejNowak
WarsawSchoolofSocialSciencesandHumanities
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521149785
(cid:2)C RyszardPraszkierandAndrzejNowak2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Praszkier,Ryszard,1945–
Socialentrepreneurship:theoryandpractice/RyszardPraszkier,AndrzejNowak.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-0-521-76731-6(hardback)
1.Socialentrepreneurship. I.Nowak,Andrzej(AndrzejKrzysztof) II.Title.
hd60.p727 2011
361.7′65068–dc23 2011021238
isbn978-0-521-76731-6Hardback
isbn978-0-521-14978-5Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor
externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguarantee
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contents
ListofFigures pagevii
ListofPhotos ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xix
section1. socialentrepreneurship 1
1 DefiningSocialEntrepreneurship:AnOverview 9
2 DimensionsofSocialEntrepreneurship 14
3 IdentifyingSocialEntrepreneursinPractice 26
section2. thedynamicsofsocialchange 31
4 Social-ChangeTheoriesandDilemmas 36
5 EquilibriumandComplexity 50
6 TheoryofSocialEmergence 65
section3. socialcapitalbuiltbysocialentrepreneurs 75
7 SocialCapital 80
8 SocialNetworks:BedrockofSocialCapital 90
9 PersonalityTraitsThatFacilitatetheBuildingofSocialCapital 107
section4. anewkindofleadership 121
10 SocialEntrepreneurship:ADynamicalAccount 123
v
vi Contents
11 ANewKindofLeadership 140
12 AddressingInsurmountableProblemsandConflicts 155
Epilogue:ThePastandtheFuture 169
Conclusion 187
Appendix1:BecomingaSocialEntrepreneur 189
Appendix2:TheProcessofAssessingCandidatesforaFellowship 203
Appendix3:ExcerptsfromInterviews 209
References 213
Index 225
list of figures
1a Initialdistributionofopinionsinthesimulatedgroup page56
1b Finalequilibriumofopinionsinthesimulatedgroup 56
2 Thesystemovertimedriftsbacktotheoldattractor;theball
ispushedupbyanexternalforceandfallsbackaftertheforce
withdraws 61
3 Phase1:thesurfaceismodified(highhollow)sothattheball
canfallintoanotherbalancepoint;anewattractoremerges
withthenewparameters,let’ssay,trustandcooperation;
phase2:theballispushedtohighhollow;phase3:thenew
attractoroftrustandcooperationgainsinstrength,whilethe
oldonedecreasesininfluence;thenewholeovertime
deepenswhiletheoldattractorbecomesirrelevant 62
4 Socialactivistsaddressingtheproblemdirectly;theballis
pushedupbyexternalforcewithinthesameoldattractor 86
5 Step1:socialentrepreneurbuildingsocialcapital;the
beginningofthenewattractor 87
6 Step2:feedbackloopbetweensuccessandsocialcapital;the
positiveattractorintensifies,andthenegativeonedecreases
inpower 87
7 Step3:pursuingthesocialgoal;socialcapitalisthe
transformingparameter;thenewattractorbecomeswell
established 88
8 GroupsAandB(8nodesineachgroup) 91
9 Structureofrelationshipsafteraddingmoreconnections 93
10 Randomparadigm:nodeshavemoreorlessthesame
degree=3 95
vii
viii ListofFigures
11 Smallworldswithinternalstrongbondsandafewexternal
weaktiesthatconnectallclustersandnodestotheentire
network(i.e.,toanyothernode) 96
12 Scale-freenetwork:allnodesareconnectedthroughthe
high-connectivityhubs;thecentralisasuper-hub,
characterizedbyhigh“betweenness” 96
13 Thestagesofavibrantnetwork’sdevelopment 101
14 Thefeedbackloopsinvolvedinthesocial-capitalcreationand
communitydevelopment(BystrzycaKlodzka) 103
15 Thenetworkoftheflowofinformationrelatedtosocial
projectsinBystrzycaKlodzka 104
16 ThenetworkofmutualsupportinBystrzycaKlodzka 104
17 Thephasesofcommunitydevelopment 199
list of photos
1 MathematicsFestival,Q&Asessionwiththeteachers page2
2 ThejoyoftheMathematicsFestival 3
3 MunirHasanattheMathematicsFestival 4
4 SteveBigari 6
5 TrainingsessionatAmerica’sFamily 7
6 EducationprogramforchildreninitiatedbyKazJaworski 33
7 KazJaworski 34
8 RezaDeghati 77
9 AINAwomen’sradio 77
10 AfghangirlsreadingParvazinPashto 78
11 AINAMediaCenterinAfghanistan 78
12 MeghAleorganizingtheRiverFestival 130
13 RiverFestival,water-pouringritual:aBuddhistmonk
pouringholywater 131
14 RiverFestival,water-pouringritual:aHindupriestpouring
holywater 131
15 RiverFestivalguests“Sadhus” 132
16 RiverFestivalguests(b) 132
17 InterfaithwaterritualattheRiverFestival;Christian,Hindu,
Buddhist,Jewish,andMuslimreligiousleaderstogether 133
18 LuckyChhetri 146
19 LuckyChhetriandguidetrainees 147
20 Climbingsojourn 147
21 ImamMohammedAshafaandPastorJamesWuye 152
22 TouchstoneforHopelogo:artistsMichelleNahaneeandJoey
Mallett(2005)showthreephasesoftherelationshipbetween
indigenousandnonindigenouspeoplesinCanada:before
colonization(lowerleft),residentialschools(upperright),
ix
x ListofPhotos
andthebeginningofreconciliation(lowerright).Thevision
ofreconciliationpaintedbytwoFirstNationchildren,Paisley
NahaneeandChelseyMarieMusqua(upperleft) 181
23 Dr.CindyBlackstock 182
24 ANepalisocialentrepreneur,AnilChitrakar,presentingthe
coursetotheNepalistudents 190
25 PolishstudentsatAshokaSchoolforYoungSocial
Entrepreneursworkingonaproject 190