Social Entrepreneurship and Tourism: Philosophy and Practice PDF
Preview Social Entrepreneurship and Tourism: Philosophy and Practice
Tourism on the Verge Pauline J. Sheldon Roberto Daniele E ditors Social Entrepreneurship and Tourism Philosophy and Practice Tourism on the Verge Serieseditors PaulineJ.Sheldon UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,Hawaii,USA DanielR.Fesenmaier UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13605 Pauline J. Sheldon (cid:129) Roberto Daniele Editors Social Entrepreneurship and Tourism Philosophy and Practice Editors PaulineJ.Sheldon RobertoDaniele SchoolofTravelIndustryManagement OSHM-OxfordSchoolofHospitality UniversityofHawaii Management Honolulu,Hawaii OxfordBrookesUniversity USA Oxford,UnitedKingdom ISSN2366-2611 ISSN2366-262X (electronic) TourismontheVerge ISBN978-3-319-46516-6 ISBN978-3-319-46518-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-46518-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016960325 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Scholarshave,fordecades,beencallingfornewtourismmodelsandpracticesthat deliverreal,sustainableandresponsibletourismoutcomes.Mostmakethesecalls frombehindtheirdesks,caughtupinthebeliefthatpublicscholarshipcanmakea differencebythrowingpaperafterpaperintothescholarlypublishingarena(iron- ically, only available from behind login screens). But who is listening? What difference does this make? The industry has remained predominantly growth and profit motivated, yet social entrepreneurs with vision and creativity have been forging new paths, many without ever having read an academic paper. There is, ofcourse,asmallbandofpracademicsandactivistscholarswhoareoutinthefield, teaching,learning,engagingandcontributingtothegrowthofthesocialentrepre- neurship movement and driving real change. It is time to celebrate their achieve- mentsandtobuildstrongercocreatedpraxis.Theeditorsandauthorsofthisvolume believethatactivistscholarship,cocreatedknowledgeandsharedunderstandingsin tourismsocialentrepreneurshippracticecanchangethishiatus. Social entrepreneurship is one of the fastest growing social movements of our time.Growingglobalawarenessthat‘businessasusual’capitalismandindividual self-interest are leading us towards potentially catastrophic environmental and social consequences has set the stage for social entrepreneurship to catalyse into a movement. But other factors are also at play. It has become patently clear that environmental issues cannot be addressed without making progress on pressing social issues such as poverty, gender equity, empowerment and inclusion. The millennialgenerationhasalsodrivenashiftinvaluesawayfromthegrowth,profit andgreedoflatetwentieth-centurycapitalismandtowardsaconcernforwell-being andsocialprogress.Amoral,caringturnistakinghold. Whatisexcitingaboutsocialentrepreneurshipisthatitismadepossiblebythe opening up of alternative spaces of dialogue and praxis. These spaces can be synchronicandasynchronic,settingoffconstellationsofcreativethinking,knowl- edge cocreation and actions that extend well beyond the initial ideation. After decadesofstiflingneoliberalism,theseareexcitingtimeswherealternative(social) values are being nurtured, and leaders, in all shapes and sizes, are imagining and v vi Foreword empoweringbetter,morejust,moreinclusiveandsustainablefutures.Theyarenot simplywaitingforgovernmentsorbusinesstodeliver.ThedreamthatIsharewith theeditorsofthisvolumeisthattourismgraduatesacrosstheworldwillbeamongst thesefuture-makers. Inthiscontext,linkingtourismandsocialentrepreneurshipmakesperfectsense. Thattourismgeneratessignificantunintendedconsequencesandisassociatedwith arangeofmarketfailuresmakesitsurprisingthattourismsocialentrepreneurship hastakensolongtogaintraction.Thisbookisthereforeaverywelcomecontribu- tion and, hopefully, the start of a journey that contributes to changing and refocusing tourism on its world-making potential. It explores the phenomenon in both theory and practice and sets forth fertile ground for future research and education. Tourism social entrepreneurship pushes the opportunity for meaningful action well beyond what corporate social responsibility can or has been able to offer. Three features in particular are worthy of mentioning. First, (tourism) social entrepreneurshipmarksanethicalshiftinthewaythatwedefineresponsibility. It callsustocareaboutthingslessandtocareforothersmore.Itheraldsashiftaway fromethics basedonuniversalprinciplestowardsarelationalformofcareethics. Second, tourism social entrepreneurship incorporates social benefit as a central missionofthebusiness,anditinvitesustothinkdifferentlyaboutthevaluecreated frominvestment.Byconceptualisingvaluecreationasblendedvalue–acomplex interlocking DNA sequence of social, economic and environmental value – it prompts investors to consider the various forms of value that can emerge, and howcertainoutcomes(e.g.socialcapitalorempowerment)canbevaluedalongside traditionaleconomicfactors.Third,throughtheconceptofscaling,socialenterprise seeks to propagate an ecology of social benefits that extends well beyond the individualsocialenterprise. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the vision, leadership and perseverance shownbytheeditorsindevelopingthisvolume.Myfriendshipandcollegialitywith theeditorsandmanyofthechapterauthorshasbeengroundedandnurturedviathe Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI), a network of tourism scholars and tourism practitioners committed to driving change in tourism through education. TEFI is the legacy of Pauline J. Sheldon and Dan Fesenmaier. In TEFI’s view, education is much more than teaching and learning. It involves being activist scholarsandacommitmenttothecocreationoftourismknowledgethroughitera- tive processes of academic work and real-world engagement. TEFI is a social movement in its own right: its activities are synchronic and asynchronic, and our aim is that constellations of creative thinking, knowledge cocreation and action extend well beyond our meetings and involve diverse creative world-making activities involving a variety of actors. Pauline J. Sheldon has been a particularly strong advocate in progressing TEFI’s agenda and has been instrumental to the development of this book. This book is one outcome of a broader and deeper engagement in tourism social entrepreneurship and sits alongside two successful walkingworkshopstoNepal(2014and2016),studentfieldtripsthatprovidespaces for cocreated knowledge and experience sharing between local and international Foreword vii students and the ongoing development of relationships with social entrepreneurs and local communities. These achievements are largely due to Roberto Daniele, Oxford Brookes University, who with head, heart and hands has put his commit- menttodrivechangeintourismattheforefrontofhisacademicwork.Thisvolume is Roberto’s parting contribution, for he leaves on his own cycling odyssey. Bon voyage,Roberto,andthankyoufortheinspirationyouhaveprovided. AalborgUniversity DianneDredge Copenhagen,Denmark June2016 Acknowledgments The subject of this book is an idea whose time has come. Many researchers, educators, and practitioners, including our chapter authors, are now working to developsocialentrepreneurshipasamajorchangeagentintourism.Thebookfits wellintotheTourismontheVergeseriesasitisarelativelynewphenomenonbut onethatoffersaninspiringnewdirectionfortourismdevelopment. Wewouldliketoacknowledgethosewhoseintellectualandresourcecontribu- tionsshapedandenrichedthebook.Thecenterofmuchoftheintellectualthought forthebookistheOxfordSchoolforHospitalityManagementatOxfordBrookes University,Oxford,UK.ItistherethatRobertoDaniele,thecoeditorofthisbook, spearheadedmuchoftheinnovativeworkthroughhisteachingandfieldworkwith students. His passion, his ability to inspire others, and his dedicated action con- stantlystokedtheintellectualfirebehindthisbook.Hewasgenerouslysupportedby DonaldSloan,HeadofSchooloftheOxfordSchoolforHospitalityManagement, who created a fertile and innovative environment for this project to flourish. We expressoursinceregratitudetoDonaldforactivelyencouragingandchampioning socialentrepreneurshipintourismacrosshighereducationandintheindustry. WealsowishtoacknowledgeUnLtd(TheFoundationforSocialEntrepreneurs in the UK) who provided funding and support through its Innovation Partnership program. This program resulted in the creation of TIPSE (Tourism Innovation Partnership for Social Entrepreneurship) a network of leading universities and social enterprises whose aim is to promote the field of Social Entrepreneurship in Tourism. We are very grateful for UnLtd’s supportand for the educators who are leadingTIPSEforward. TheTourismEducationFuturesInitiative(TEFI)alsodeservesourthanksasit embracedtourismsocialentrepreneurshipearlyonbymakingitakeystrandofits activity. Professor Dianne Dredge who now chairs TEFI has been an eloquent proponent of social entrepreneurship in tourism and has provided a sounding board for our ideas as we developed the book. We thank her for her excellent insights and friendship. Both TEFI and TIPSE now play key roles in promoting SocialEntrepreneurshipinacademiaandthewidertourismsector. ix x Acknowledgments Others who have been inspired us along the way are Gavin Bate, Founder of Adventure Alternative and Moving Mountains Trust. Gavin is a true pioneer in sustainablebusinessmodelsfortourismandoneofthefirstsocialentrepreneursin the field. He has been a role model and we thank him for the inspiration he has provided to us. Anna Pollock, a visionary thinker in tourism, assisted us in the developmentofthebook’sstructureandconstantlychallengedustopushforward with ideas for the transformation of tourism. We thank her for her vision and persistence in changing tourism for the better. We would also like to thank Professor Daniel Fesenmaier, coeditor of the book series, for his encouragement topursuethisendeavor. Our thanks also gotoeach and every chapter author, whosecreativework you willenjoyinthisbook.Thebookwouldnothavebeensorichincontentwithoutthe contributionsofthesebrilliantminds.Wethankeveryoneoftheauthorsandhope thisisjustthebeginningofadeeperexplorationofhowsocialentrepreneurshipcan transformthetourismsector. Roberto thanks his life partner Marita Davidson who not only encouraged his passion forSocialEntrepreneurshipbutalsohelpedshapehisideas throughmany insightful discussions. Pauline thanks her husband William Remus, who inspired and supported her in her writing and always gave constructive and insightful commentsasthebookevolved. PaulineJ.SheldonandRobertoDaniele
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