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Social Development, Social Inequalities, and Social Justice PDF

268 Pages·2007·3.63 MB·English
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Social Development, Social Inequalities, and Social Justice ER5868X.indb 1 8/22/07 10:24:34 AM The Jean PiageT SymPoSium SerieS Series Editor: Ellin Scholnick University of Maryland Available from LEA/Taylor & Francis Overton, W.F. (Ed.): The Relationship Between Social and Cognitive Development. Liben, L.S. (Ed.): Piaget and the Foundations of Knowledge. Scholnick, E.K. (Ed.): New Trends in Conceptual Representations: Challenges to Piaget’s Theory? Niemark, E.D., DeLisi, R., & Newman, J.L. (Eds.): Moderators of Competence. Bearison, D.J., & Zimiles, H. (Eds.): Thought and Emotion: Developmental Perspectives. Liben, L.S. (Ed.): Development and Learning: Conflict or Congruence? Forman, G., & Pufall, P.B. (Eds.): Constructivism in the Computer Age. Overton, W.F. (Ed.): Reasoning, Necessity, and Logic: Developmental Perspectives. Keating, D.P., & Rosen, H. (Eds.): Constructivist Perspectives on Developmental Psycho­ pathology and Atypical Development. Carey, S., & Gelman, R. (Eds.): The Epigenesis of Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition. Beilin, H., & Pufall, P. (Eds.): Piaget’s Theory: Prospects and Possibilities. Wozniak, R.H., & Fisher, K.W. (Eds.): Development in Context: Acting and Thinking in Specific Environments. Overton, W.F., & Palermo, D.S. (Eds.): The Nature and Ontogenesis of Meaning. Noam, G.G., & Fischer, K.W. (Eds.): Development and Vulnerability in Close Relationships. Reed, E.S., Turiel, E., & Brown, T. (Eds.): Values and Knowledge. Amsel, E., & Renninger, K.A. (Eds.): Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Langer, J., & Killen, M. (Eds.): Piaget, Evolution, and Development. Scholnick, E., Nelson, K., Gelman, S.A., & Miller, P.H. (Eds.): Conceptual Development: Piaget’s Legacy. Nucci, L.P., Saxe, G.B., & Turiel, E. (Eds.): Culture, Thought, and Development. Amsel, E., & Byren, J.P. (Eds.): Language, Literacy, and Cognitive Development: The Develop­ ment and Consequences of Symbolic Communication. Brown, T. & Smith, L. (Eds.): Reductionism and the Development of Knowledge. Lightfoot, C., LaLonde, C., & Chandler, M. (Eds.): Changing Conceptions of Psychological Life. Parker, J., Langer, J., & Milbrath, C. (Eds.): Biology and Knowledge Revisited: From Neuro­ genesis to Psychogenesis. Goncu, A., & Gaskins, S. (Eds.): Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural, and Functional Perspectives Overton, W., Mueller, U., & Newman, J. (Eds.): Developmental Perspectives on Embodiment and Consciousness Wainryb, C., Turiel, E., & Smetana, J. (Eds.): Social Development, Social Inequalities, and Social Justice Muller, U., Carpendale, J., Budwig, N., & Sokol, B. (Eds.): Social Life and Social Knowledge: Toward a Process Account of Development. ER5868X.indb 2 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM Social Development, Social Inequalities, and Social Justice Cecilia Wainryb University of Utah Judith G. Smetana University of Rochester Elliot Turiel University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Erlbaum Associates New York London ER5868X.indb 3 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Lawrence Erlbaum Associates is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑0‑8058‑5868‑6 (Hardcover) No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Social development, social inequalities, and social justice / [edited by] Cecilia Wainryb, Judith G. Smetana. p. cm. ‑‑ (The Jean Piaget symposium series) ISBN 978‑0‑8058‑5868‑6 (alk. paper) 1. Social justice. 2. Equality. 3. Moral development. 4. Social ethics. I. Wainryb, Cecilia. II. Smetana, Judith G., 1951‑ HM671.S59 2008 305.23101‑‑dc22 2007017118 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com ER5868X.indb 4 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM To the memory of Terry Brown (1939–2005), a remarkable Piagetian scholar, past president of the Jean Piaget Society, and good friend. ER5868X.indb 5 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM ER5868X.indb 6 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM Contents Preface ix Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Chapter 1 The Trouble with the Ways Morality Is Used and How They Impede Social Equality and Social Justice 1 ELLIOT TURIEL Chapter 2 The Moral Judgment of the Child Reevaluated: Heteronomy, Early Morality, and Reasoning About Social Justice and Inequalities 27 CHARLES C. HELWIg Chapter 3 America’s Head Start Program: An Effort for Social Justice 53 EDWARD ZIgLER AND SALLy J. STyFCO Chapter 4 Affirmative Action and Ethnic Minority University Students: Enlarging Pipelines to Support Success 81 JOEL gILLS, KRISTINA SCHMUKLER, MARgARITA AZMITIA, AND FAyE CROSBy Chapter 5 The Biology of Social Justice: Linking Social Inequalities and Health in Adolescence 109 ELIZABETH gOODMAN AND NANCy E. ADLER vii ER5868X.indb 7 8/22/07 10:24:35 AM viii • Contents Chapter 6 Leaving LgBT (Lesbian, gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) Students Behind: Schools, Sexuality, and Rights 131 STACEy S. HORN Chapter 7 The Development of Stereotype Threat: Consequences for Educational and Social Equality 155 CATHERINE gOOD AND JOSHUA ARONSON Chapter 8 Honor, Truth, and Justice 185 UNNI WIKAN Chapter 9 In Defense of Universal Values 209 MARTHA NUSSBAUM Author Index 235 Subject Index 243 ER5868X.indb 8 8/22/07 10:24:36 AM PrefaCe Economic, educational, and cultural resources affect children’s and adults’ lives and development. Most would agree with this statement; all contributors to this volume certainly do. Does that mean that children and adults are the product of social forces? For the most part, scholars who document the ways and extent to which social forces shape lives tend, implicitly, to answer this question in the affirmative. Therefore, and somewhat paradoxically, the rich literature bearing on the effects of social disparities and inequalities on human development has stood alienated from the constructivist literature on social development, a literature that has put forth a view of children and adults as actively engaged with and judging their social world. The resulting gap between the two bodies of research—the gap between the view of human devel­ opment as constrained by social forces and the view of people as act­ ing on and judging those same social forces—is not unbridgeable. In this volume we thus bring together the two bodies of scholarship and research bearing on social justice that have hitherto remained sepa­ rate. In so doing we hope to broaden the understanding of the relations between social inequalities and social development. In a provocative introductory chapter, Turiel sets the stage for think­ ing about the process of social development as entailing more than inter­ nalization of the external world. This idea—that even young children actively construct their understandings of the world—is not new and stems from a long tradition of constructivist scholarship originating in early work on moral judgment by Piaget (1932). More boldly, Turiel argues that in the process of making social and moral judgments, peo­ ple, children included, scrutinize the social relationships, practices, and ix ER5868X.indb 9 8/22/07 10:24:36 AM

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This volume considers previously separate bodies of research on social justice, social equality, and social development. Eminent scholars from a variety of disciplines discuss the latest research to help us understand the relation between social inequalities and social development. In so doing, the
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