Social Determinants of Health Among African-American Men PDF
Preview Social Determinants of Health Among African-American Men
FACK 08/27/2012 18:22:17 Page14 FFIRS 08/27/2012 18:2:7 Page1 Social Determinants of Health among African-American Men Henrie M. Treadwell Clare Xanthos Kisha B. Holden EDITORS FFIRS 08/27/2012 18:2:8 Page2 Copyright#2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJossey-Bass AWileyImprint One Montgomery Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104-4594—www.josseybass.com Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise, exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. 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AfricanAmericans–UnitedStates.2. Men’sHealth–UnitedStates.3. Health StatusDisparities–UnitedStates.4. Socioeconomic Factors–UnitedStates.WA300AA1] 362.1089096073—dc23 2012022688 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica FIRSTEDITION PBPrinting 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FTOC 08/27/2012 18:4:58 Page3 Contents FiguresandTables..................................................................................................v Foreword..............................................................................................................vii RobertM.Franklin Preface...................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments...............................................................................................xiii TheEditors............................................................................................................xv TheContributors.................................................................................................xvii 1 IntroductiontoSocialDeterminantsofHealthamong African-AmericanMen...................................................................1 ClareXanthos,HenrieM.Treadwell,andKishaB.Holden PartOneSocialDeterminantsofHealthStatus.........................19 2 ImplicationsofRacismforAfrican-AmericanMen’s CancerRisk,Morbidity,andMortality..........................................21 DerekM.GriffithandJonettaL.Johnson 3 SocialDeterminantsofDepressionandthe BlackMaleExperience.................................................................39 DaphneC.WatkinsandHaroldW.Neighbors 4 PsychosocialHealthofBlackSexually MarginalizedMen........................................................................63 LouisF.Graham 5 ParentalIncarcerationasaSocialDeterminantof MaleAfrican-AmericanAdolescents’MentalHealth.....................83 SusanD.PhillipsandQianaR.Cryer-Coupet 6 TheImpactofReentryfromIncarcerationonthe HealthofAfrican-AmericanMen..................................................97 JeanJ.BonhommeandElisabethKingsbury 7 Life-CourseSocioeconomicPositionandHypertension inAfrican-AmericanMen:ThePittCountyStudy.......................115 ShermanA.James,JohnVanHoewyk,RobertF.Belli, DavidS.Strogatz,DavidR.Williams,and TrevilloreE.Raghunathan FTOC 08/27/2012 18:4:58 Page4 iv CONTENTS PartTwoSocialDeterminantsofHealthBehavior...................133 8 SocialDeterminantsofMedicalMistrustamong African-AmericanMen...............................................................135 WizdomPowellHammondandArjumandA.Siddiqi 9 BeyondGay,Bisexual,orDL:Structural DeterminantsofHIVSexualRiskamong BlackMenintheUnitedStates...................................................161 DavidJ.MalebrancheandLisaBowleg 10 SocialDeterminantsofSubstanceAbuseamong OlderAfrican-AmericanMen......................................................183 RobertPope PartThreeSocialDeterminantsofHealthCare.......................205 11 PrejudicedProviders:UnequalTreatmentasa DeterminantofAfrican-AmericanMen’sHealth.........................207 ClareXanthos 12 TheImpactoftheCorrectionalHealthCareSystemon HIV/AIDSandtheHealthofAfrican-AmericanMen...................225 RhondaConerlyHolliday PartFourAddressingSocialDeterminantsof HealthInequities....................................................................245 13 BuildingCommunitiesofOpportunity:Pathwaysto HealthforAfrican-AmericanMen...............................................247 AngelaGloverBlackwell 14 OneCity’sAttemptatTreatingtheEffectsofSocial InequitiesinAfrican-AmericanMen:LessonsLearned...............265 ElizabethM.WhitleyandJodiDrisko 15 TheImpactofInvisibility:TheWayForward..............................283 HenrieM.Treadwell 16 CriminalJusticeandOtherPublicPoliciesas DeterminantsofHealthandWell-Beingfor African-AmericanMen...............................................................301 LedaM.P(cid:1)erez 17 SocialDeterminantsofHealthandBlackMen: TheCultureofEmpowermentandthePolicyProcess.................319 AdewaleTroutmanandNandiMarshall Afterword............................................................................................................335 DavidSatcher Index...................................................................................................................339 FBETW 08/27/2012 18:8:1 Page5 Figures and Tables Figures Figure4.1 BlackSexuallyMarginalizedMen’sPsychosocialHealthModel 65 Figure8.1 ConceptualModelofAfrican-AmericanMen’sMedicalMistrust 138 Figure8.2 Perceived Racism in Health Care as a Mediator of the Racial Dis- crimination–MedicalMistrustRelationship(byIncome) 151 Figure8.3 Perceived Racism in Health Care as a Mediator of the Racial Dis- crimination–MedicalMistrustRelationship(byEducation) 152 Figure10.1 Historical–CulturalPsychosocialModelofIllicitDrugUseinOlder African-Americans 199 Tables Table7.1 Differences in Selected Characteristics of Black Men, by Life- CourseSocioeconomicPosition:ThePittCounty(NorthCarolina) Study,2001 123 Table7.2 Unadjusted Prevalence of Hypertension among Black Men, by Childhood, Adulthood, and Life-Course Socioeconomic Position: ThePittCounty(NorthCarolina)Study,2001 124 Table7.3 Relative Odds of Hypertension among Black Men, by Childhood, Adulthood, and Life-Course Socioeconomic Position: The Pitt County(NorthCarolina)Study,2001 125 Table8.1 StudySampleCharacteristicsbyRecruitmentSite 145 Table8.2 SummaryofHierarchicalRegressionAnalysesPredictingMedical MistrustStratifiedbyEducation(n¼674) 148 Table8.3 SummaryofHierarchicalRegressionAnalysesPredictingMedical MistrustStratifiedbyIncome(n¼674) 149 Table14.1 Health Status, Risk Behaviors, and Chronic Disease, Prevalence EstimatesBRFSS2006–2008(Behavioral RiskFactorSurveillance System,2006–2008) 267 Table14.2 Demographic Characteristics of Men’s Health Initiative Partici- pants(2002–2009) 276 FBETW 08/27/2012 18:8:1 Page6 vi FIGURESANDTABLES Table14.3 Social and Environmental Determinants of Health for African- American Men’s Health Initiative Participants, through 12/31/2009 277 Table14.4 Health Care Service Utilization of African-American Men within OneYearofEnrollmentinMen’sHealthInitiative 278 FBETW01 08/27/2012 18:11:26 Page7 Foreword RobertM.Franklin In one of the most important books of the 20th century, Carter G. Woodson wrote these words: “This book, then, is not intended as a broadside against anyparticularpersonorclass,butitisgivenasacorrectiveformethodswhich havenotproducedsatisfactoryresults.”Woodsonsoughttopreparereadersfor thetruthtellingandhope-filledcorrectiveadvicethatwouldfollowinhisjustly famousclassic,TheMiseducationoftheNegro. Onceagain,weencounterabook,thisbook,whichspeakstruthtopower andspeaksempowermenttoasegmentofthepopulationthathasbeenneglect- ed, feared, misunderstood, and poorly treated in the nation’s health system— African-American men. The brilliant editors of this volume have collected searingandinsightfulessaysfromsomeofourbestandbrightestmindswho are working to improve health prospects for black men. Reading these chap- ters, you may feel that the ghosts of Du Bois and Woodson are peering over your shoulder. That is, each chapter is a scholarly tour de force of analysis thatdrivesthethemethatmuchoftheunhealthiness,pathology,andmorbid- ity we observe within the black male population and the black community generally is socially determined, not the result entirely of the choices of the individuals themselves. This is an important analytic perspective to appreci- ate in the context of policy debates and moral arguments that easily lapse into blaming poor people for poverty and victims for their condition. But Du Bois and Woodson, eminent scholars that they were, are also infusing the advocacy and activist spirit that you will detect in these pages. This book has an attitude, a high temperature, and an impatience for the status quo that commends it to all who wish to learn and then act to move the needle ofchange. Fortunately,thenationisbeginningtorediscovertheunfinishedagendaof improvinglifeprospectsforboysandmenofcolor.Asanationweappeartogo through waves of heightened interest and alarm in this issue that drives the publicwilltoact.Butthen,forvariousreasonsinterestsubsides.Decadesago, the nation was stirred by the moral leadership and rhetoric of Dr. King and Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to eradicate poverty and racism. But, as the warinVietnamloomedanddrainedresourcesandwill,thenationaleffortwas derailed.Yearslater,thenationfocusedonthecrisisfacingblackmenwiththe riseofaso-calledunderclassofpermanenthighunemploymentandhighrates FBETW01 08/27/2012 18:11:27 Page8 viii FOREWORD of incarceration. At the same time, America witnessed the potential for self efficacy during the Million Man March.But once again, 9/11 and wars in Iraq andAfghanistanderailedthesegoodefforts. Now,anAfrican-AmericanmanispresidentoftheUnitedStates.Iforches- trated wisely, this happy circumstance could increase public empathy for African-Americanmen.Inaddition,agrowingnumberofwealthyfoundations are investing money to improve the plight of boys and men of color. And, a varietyofnationalreportshavebeenreleaseddocumentingandlamentingthe unsustainably dismal performance of schools in equipping many black boys andmenforproductivelives.Collectiveinterestonceagainappearstoberising andourpotentialforproducingchangeisgreat.Intothisexcitingandunpredict- able socio-culturaland political environment, this book arrives. And, it is well suited to instruct, challenge, correct, and mobilize a more holistic effort to improvetheplightofmen,fortheirownhealthbenefitandthatofentirefami- liesandcommunities. As president of Morehouse College, the nation’s sole elite liberal arts col- lege for educating African-American men, I am especially sensitive to threats to the well-being of the black male population. Our graduates like Dr. King, Surgeon General David Satcher, HHS Secretary Louis Sullivan, Julian Bond, andmanyothershavedevotedtheirlivestoleadingchangeforblackmenand all people. That is one reason this book has arrested my attention and why I think it will be so important for future discussions of this population. This current generation of college, public health, and medical students has an opportunitytoincreasepublicawareness,drivethepublicdiscussion,andgen- eratenewpoliciesandprogramstoimproveblackmalehealth.Thisbookwill becriticaltoinformingthatprocess. This book could be, as Woodson said, a methodological corrective and a calltoactionforpoliticiansandpastors,publichealthandcorporateleadersto support a new perspective on why many black men are not yet thriving. But, we have the wherewithal to change directions. We should find assurance and hope in the words of the poet Goethe, “At the moment of commitment, the entireuniverseconspiresforyoursuccess.”
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