Social Connectedness As a Mediator to Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Well-Being Among

165 Pages·2017·1.17 MB·English

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Dissertations Theses and Dissertations
2016
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Gihane Emeline Jeremie-Brink
Loyola University Chicago
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Jeremie-Brink, Gihane Emeline, "To Be Black, Caribbean, and American: Social Connectedness As a
Mediator to Racial and Ethnic Socialization and Well-Being Among Afro-Caribbean American Emerging
Adults" (2016). Dissertations. 2286.
https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2286
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Copyright © 2016 Gihane Emeline Jeremie-Brink
LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO

TO BE BLACK, CARIBBEAN, AND AMERICAN: SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AS
A MEDIATOR TO RACIAL AND ETHNIC SOCIALIZATION AND WELL-BEING
AMONG AFRO-CARIBBEAN AMERICAN EMERGING ADULTS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

PROGRAM IN COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY

BY

GIHANE E. JÉRÉMIE-BRINK

CHICAGO, IL

DECEMBER 2016
Copyright by Gihane E. Jérémie-Brink, 2016
All rights reserved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank God, for God’s grace, faithfulness, and tender mercies throughout my life.
I would not be here today without the love and sacrifices of my wonderful parents,
Dutroy and Yves Emeline Jérémie. Central to my upbringing, personal and professional
development were the values taught & lived out by you, my parents. Based on the
commitments of your faith and culture, you taught me to use my gifts and talents in the
service of others. A well-known Haitian saying captures the essence of this commitment:
“Tout moun se moun” – “All people are people.” This entails that dignity is reserved for
no specific color, class or creed: justice should be available for all people.
To my mother, you have shaped my life significantly and have encouraged my
love for God, love for myself, and love for others. Your deep faith and trust in God
helped me to believe and trust especially through difficult times. Often you would always
say to your children, “Pa peur ti moun, Jesus geyen controle.” Daddy, two descriptors
come to mind when I think of you: peace and gentleness. Throughout my whole life I
can’t think of anyone else that emulates peace and grace, always encouraging us to serve
others and use our gifts to serve the needs of the world. Mommy and daddy, you two are
the rock of our family. Your faith and commitment gave your children strength and
empowered us to be able to overcome any of life’s’ challenges.
To my children Mateo MesiDye and Naya Emeline, you two are the driving force
and inspiration in my life. Every day, I thank God for the opportunity to be your mother
and journey through life with you. No words can fully express how much and how deep I
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love you. I am so grateful for you both. Nathan, my loving husband your deep love,
commitment, and partnership has been one of the greatest gifts from God. I am thankful
for your constant love and encouragement through all seasons of our life, whether they
were seasons of joy and celebration or seasons of difficulties and sadness. You are a
wonderful partner to me, an exceptional father to our children, an amazing brother and
friend to others, a brilliant scholar and servant to our world, and most importantly a
faithful follower of Christ. I love you and am ever so grateful for you and our partnership.
You, my children and husband are a reflection of God’s faithfulness and goodness in my
life.
To my father- and mother-in-law, Daniel and Cheri Brink, I am so grateful for
your loving and tender hearts, constant prayers, and faithfulness to God's calling and to
your family. To all my siblings, brothers- and sisters-in –law, I thank you all for your
constant love, encouragement, and support. I would also like to thank Dr. Eunju Yoon,
Dr. Elizabeth Vera, Dr. Anita Thomas, Dr. Steven Brown, Dr. Rufus Gonzales, Dr.
Carolyn Mildner, Ms. Valerie Collier, and the many past and present clinical supervisors
for your support in my professional development and academic achievements. Lastly,
thank you to my many friends and colleagues who have been a place of safety, love, and
support.
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For my mother, Yves Emeline Jérémie.
My Poto Mitan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
Racial and Ethnic Socialization Theory and Research .................................................... 2
Old Methodological Issues and New Approaches to Socialization Research .............. 7
Socialization and Black Emerging Adults ..................................................................... 10
Racial and Ethnic Socialization of First- and Second-Generation Black
Immigrants .................................................................................................................. 12
Social Connectedness to Mainstream, Racial, and Ethnic Communities ...................... 14
Purpose of Study, Research Questions, and Hypotheses ............................................... 16

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 19
Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Experiences in the United States
Analysis of Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Experience and Migratory
Patterns in the United States ....................................................................................... 20
Afro-Caribbean and Black Immigrant’s Identity Development in the US .................... 24
Racial Socialization and Ethnic Socialization Theory and Research ............................ 32
Protective Factors and Associations to Racial and Ethnic Socialization .................... 34
Critique and Limitations within Racial and Ethnic Socialization Research ............... 37
Racial and Ethnic Socialization of Black Immigrant Descended Afro-
Caribbeans................................................................................................................ 44
Social Connectedness of Mainstream, Racial, and Ethnic Communities for Afro-
Caribbeans................................................................................................................... 47
Emerging Adulthood ...................................................................................................... 54
Racial Socialization and Ethnic Socialization and Subjective Well-Being in
Emerging Adulthood ................................................................................................... 63
Racial socialization and ethnic socialization ........................................................... 63
Well-being................................................................................................................ 67
Present Study ................................................................................................................. 69

CHAPTER THREE: METHOD ....................................................................................... 73
Participants and Procedures ........................................................................................... 73
Instruments ..................................................................................................................... 79
Demographic Information ........................................................................................... 79
Racial and Ethnic Socialization .................................................................................. 80
Social Connectedness in Mainstream Society, Social Connectedness in the
Racial Community and Social Connectedness in the Ethnic Community
Scales ....................................................................................................................... 81
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Subjective Well-being ................................................................................................. 82
Preliminary Analysis Procedure: Data Cleaning, Normality, Correlations ................... 84
Main Analysis Procedure: Test for Mediation in Path Analysis.................................... 84

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ......................................................................................... 89
Preliminary Analysis: Normality, Frequencies, Correlations ........................................ 89
Main Analysis ................................................................................................................ 90

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 97
Implications of Primary Analysis Results...................................................................... 98
Limitations and Future Directions ............................................................................... 107
Implications for Research and Practice........................................................................ 111
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 115

APPENDIX A: DEMOGRAPHICS ............................................................................... 117

APPENDIX B: RECRUITMENT SCRIPT .................................................................... 120

APPENDIX C: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................. 122

APPENDIX D: CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH ................................ 129

REFERENCE LIST ........................................................................................................ 132

VITA ............................................................................................................................... 151

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Sample Demographic Characteristics ................................................................. 75

Table 2. Correlation Matrix, Means, Standard Deviations, Skewness, Kurtosis, and
Cronbach’s Alphas for Study Variables ........................................................................ 90

Table 3. Summary of Model Fit Indices ........................................................................... 92

Table 4. Comparative Fit Test .......................................................................................... 93

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The hypothetical model ..................................................................................... 87

Figure 2. The structural model .......................................................................................... 94

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