Social change in the Philippines during the independence movement, 1898-1935

671 Pages·032.115 MB·English

by  Corpus, Severino Fermin

SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING
THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT:
1898 1935
-
A D issertatio n
Presented to
the F aculty of the Department of Sociology
The U niversity of Southern C alifo rn ia
In P a rtia l F ulfillm en t
of the Requirements fo r the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Severino Fermin Corpus
May 1951
UMI Number: DP31709
Ail rights reserved
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This dissertation, written by
........................SBmiNO.PlSMN„CpHPira........................
under the guidance of h.%3.... Faculty Committee
on Studies, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Council
on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful­
fillment of requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
X &
Date .....
Committee on Studies
D edicated to
the People of America
and to the People of
the Republic of the P hilippines
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
During World War II, w ith the United S tates Armed
Forces, the w rite r served a p o rtio n of h is army service in !
the P h ilip p in es, thereby gaining in tim ate inform ation con­
cerning personal experiences of the people who survived the j
w ar’s te rrib le destruction* Their thoughts and feelings
seem to in d icate an a ttitu d e of lo y a lty to the co n tin u ity
of cu ltu re p attern s which have been fo stered during American,
ad m inistration in the P h ilip p in es. For th is reason the
people of the Republic of the P hilippines have a unique
c u ltu ra l re la tio n sh ip w ith the people of the United S tates j
of America* !
The w rite r wishes to express h is sin c ere st g ratitu d e
to the members of his comm ittee, whose suggestions and
critic ism s have been invaluable* The tech n ical help and
u n failin g encouragement of Doctor John E ric Nordskog, ch air­
man of the committee, have been acknowledged and g re a tly
appreciated. The assistan ce rendered by the L ibrary S ta ff
is also appreciated*
Special g ratitu d e is expressed to the w rite r’s wife
who has been h is constant helper, both m aterially and
sp iritu a lly *
TABLE OP CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I . INTRODUCTION.................................................................................
The development of the concept of so cial
change . .................................................................................
The current meaning of social change . . . .
Statem ent of the p ro b le m ..............................................
Importance of the s t u d y ..............................................
jMethod used in the study ..............................................
L im itations of the study ..............................................
O rganization of the study . ...............................
I I . CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE OP THE
i
PHILIPPINES . . . ........................................................
The m ilita ry government
^ D efining the situ a tio n fo r so cial action
in the P h ilip p in e s .............................. , . . ♦
E stablishm ent of m ilita ry government . . *
P resident McKinley1s in stru c tio n s to
General M erritt . . « ....................................
Em ilio Aguinaldo an enigma ...............................
Aguinaldo the insurgent ....................................
The Schurman Commission, known as the
U nited S tates F irs t P hilippine
Commission .......................................................................
v
CHAPTER PAGE
i
The Second P hilippine Commission, |
commonly re fe rre d to as the Taft j
i
Com m ission....................................................................... 6£i
In stru ctio n s to the Second P hilippine '
i
Com m ission.................................................................. 67,
W illiam Howard Taft and members of the
Second P hilippine Commission ..................... 71'
I
The Second P hilippine Commission as a
fac to r of change in the adm inistrativ e
j
!
framework of the m ilita ry g overnment • 7&i
Period of tra n s itio n and the Second j
i
P hilippine C o m m issio n .................................... 78;
The commission g o v e rn m e n t......................................... 82
General fea tu res of the government under
the P hilippine Commission and the
Organic Act of 1902 81^
le g is la tiv e aspect of the commission
governm ent....................................................................... 91
A dm inistrative stru c tu re of the commission
governm ent....................................................................... 97
I Social change as observed in the achieve­
ments of governors-general during the
commission government • 102
. .
i
CHAPTER PAGE I
|
The achievements of Governor W illiam !
j
H. T a f t ....................................................................... 102
The ad m in istratio n of Governor-
General Luke E# W rig h t.................................... lOlj.
The ad m in istratio n of Governor-
General Henry Clay I d e ................................... 105!
The achievem ents of Governor-General !
{
James P. S m ith .............................................................. 106
1
The ad m inistration of W. CameronF orbes 108'
I
The ad m inistration of Prancis Burton :
;
H a rris o n ....................................................................... 109;
/ Social change as observed in the ju d ic ia l i
system during the commissiong overnment 111
The pro v in cial g o v e rn m e n t.................................... 117
The m unicipal go vernm ent......................................... 120
S u m m ary ............................................................................ . 12l\.
The Government and the Organic Act of 1916 . 130'
The organization of the F ilip in o
governm ent....................................................................... 137
A dm inistrative asp ect ......................................... 139
The le g isla tiv e branch of the new
governm ent.................................................................. li|5
The j u d i c i a r y ............................................................. li|-8
, vl'i
CHAPTER PAGE
The Supreme Court of the United
S tates ................................ lZ|_9
The Supreme Court of the Philippine
I s l a n d s .................................................................. II4.9
Courts of F irs t Instance ...............................
Ju stic es of the P e a c e ................................... l£0
The background of the independence
m ovem ent............................................................................ l£ l
Movement fo r P hilippine Independence . . . l68
Form of government under the Tydings-McDuffie
L a w ........................................................................... . . ♦ 17^4-
The executive departm ent 178
The le g is la tiv e d e p a rtm e n t.................................... I 83
The ju d ic ia l d e p a r tm e n t......................................... I8lj.
S u m m ary ................................................................................. 186
I I I . THE FUNCTION OF EDUCATION IN SOCIAL CHANGE . . 188
1
America*s educational po licy in the
P hilippines ....................- ................................... 191
The public school system . . • • • • • • • 191
Types of schools th at were estab lish ed
during the American adm inistratio n . ♦ . 192
O rganization of the public school system . 195
A system atic approach to the function of
__________ " education in so c ial c h a n g e ............................... 200
v fli
CHAPTER PAGE
Functions of the Department of Public j
i
I n s t r u c t i o n .................................................................. 201
Functions of the Bureau of Education . . . 202,
i
Functions of the d iv isio n superintendents 207 j
Functions of the d iv isio n supervisors . . 208i
Functions of the secondary school !
p r i n c i p a l ........................................................... 209'
I
Functions of the elem entary school
p r i n c i p a l ....................................................................... 209
Functions of the m unicipal school board . 210
i
Functions of the t e a c h e r 211 j
i
The elem entary sehool t e a c h e r 211 j
The secondary school teacher .......................... 215
Government students in American
u n iv e rsitie s • .................................... . . . . . 217
The goals of education in so cial change . 220,
The issu e of citizen sh ip as a goal of
public education ................................................... 222
Common language as an educational goal • 223
L iteracy as a goal of education . . . . 225
V ocational e ffic ie n cy as an im portant
goal of e d u c a t i o n .............................................. 226
H ealth as a d esirable goal of education 227