Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives

636 Pages·2010·5.37 MB·English

by  Stefan G Hofmann

Social Anxiety
Social Anxiety
Clinical, Developmental, and
Social Perspectives
Second Edition
Edited by
Stefan G. Hofmann and Patricia M. DiBartolo
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Contents
Contributors xv
Introduction : Toward an Understanding of
Social Anxiety Disorder
Stefan G. Hofmann and Patricia M. DiBartolo
Delineation of Social Anxiety xx
Theoretical Perspectives xxii
Treatment Approaches xxiv
Conclusion xxv
References xxvi
Part I
Delineation of Social Anxiety
1 . Evolution of Terminology and Constructs in
Social Anxiety and Its Disorders
Daniel W. McNeil
Introduction 3
Overlapping and Contrasting Emotional States 5
Defi nitions 7
Diagnostic Nosology Classifi cations 8
Relation of Performance Defi cits and Social Anxiety 10
Subtypes of SAD 11
Cultural and Developmental Considerations 14
Coverage Across Disciplines and Subdisciplines 15
Summary and Conclusions 16
Acknowledgments 17
References 17
2 . Assessment of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia
James D. Herbert, Alyssa A. Rheingold, and Lynn L. Brandsma
The Clinical Interview 24
Structured Interviews 2 6
Interviewer -Rated Scales 28
Self -Report Measures 29
v
vi Contents
General Measures of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia 30
T he Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale – Self-Report 30
T he Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory 3 0
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale 3 2
Social Phobia Scale 3 3
Fear Questionnaire 3 3
Social Phobia Inventory 3 4
Mini-SPIN 3 5
Measures of Theoretically Derived Components of Social Anxiety 3 5
Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale 3 6
Social Avoidance and Distress Scale 3 7
Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire 3 8
Self -Report Measures for Children and Adolescents 39
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents 3 9
Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children 39
Social Anxiety Scale for Children 4 0
Social Skills Questionnaires 4 0
Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale 4 1
Kutcher Generalized Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents 4 1
Role -Playing Procedures 42
Role-Play Test 4 2
Simulated Social Interaction Test 4 4
Self-Monitoring 4 5
Thought -Listing and Thought-Endorsement Procedures 45
Social Interaction Self-Statement Test 4 6
T hought-Listing and Thought-Recall 4 7
Psychophysiological Assessment 48
Cardiovascular Assessment 4 9
Electrodermal Recordings 5 0
Other Physiological Assessments 5 0
Summary 51
References 52
3 . Shyness, Social Anxiety, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo
Introduction 65
Defi nitions 67
Prevalence 70
Cultural Infl uences 70
Comorbidity in a Shyness Treatment Sample 71
Development of Chronic Shyness 72
A reas of Overlap 7 4
A ge of Onset 7 4
A dolescent Onset 7 5
Individual Differences in Shy and Socially Phobic Individuals 76
Subgroups 7 7
Characteristics of Shy and Socially Phobic Individuals 77
Contents vii
Somatic Symptoms 7 7
Cognitive Features and Perception 7 8
A ffective Features 7 9
Behavior 7 9
Family Characteristics 8 0
Treatment 81
A ddressing Attribution Style in Treatment and Assessing Results 82
Shyness Clinic Treatment 8 3
Social Fitness Model 85
References 87
4 . Are Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder Merely
Distant Cousins, or Are They Closer Kin?
Rowland S. Miller
The Nature of Embarrassment 94
Feelings 9 4
Physiology 9 5
Nonverbal Behavior 9 6
A ntecedent Events 9 6
T he Development of Embarrassment 9 8
Individual Differences 1 00
T he Fundamental Cause of Embarrassment 1 01
Behavioral Sequelae 1 03
Others ’ Reactions 1 03
Embarrassment Across Cultures 104
Reprise: The Nature of Embarrassment 105
Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder 106
Phenomenology 1 06
T iming 1 07
Behavioral Sequelae 1 08
Development 1 08
Normality and Abnormality 1 09
Similarities of the States 1 12
Conclusions 112
References 113
5 . Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Relationship to
Perfectionism
Randy O. Frost, Katharine Glossner, and Sarah Maxner
Perfectionism and Measures of Social Anxiety in
Nonclinical Samples 121
Perfectionism in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder 125
Perfectionism in Social/Evaluative Contexts 129
Perfectionism and Social/Evaluative Avoidance 134
T he Effect of Treatment for Social Phobia on Perfectionism 138
Summary and Conclusions 139
References 140
viii Contents
6 . Social Phobia as a Deficit in Social Skills
Ariel Stravynski, Angela Kyparissis, and Danielle Amado
Introduction 147
W hat Could Account for This Peculiar Pattern of Conduct? 147
A im and Method 1 48
The Notion of Social Skills 148
W hat Are Social Skills? 1 49
T wo Views of Social Skills 1 50
Assessment of the Social Skills of Social Phobic Individuals 152
Self-reports 1 53
Role-Play Tests 1 57
Skills Defi cits and Social Phobia – Direct and Indirect Evidence 160
A re Highly Shy/Socially Anxious Individuals Less Skilled than
Those Who Are Not? 1 60
A re the Social Phobics’ Skills Different from Those of
Normal Individuals? 1 64
A re Any Social Phobic Individuals Defi cient in Their Social Skills? 167
A re Better Skills Acquired through Social Skills Training? 1 68
Is Improvement in Performance of Social Tasks Related to
Skill-Acquisition? 1 71
Discussion 1 72
Social Phobia as a Problem in Social Functioning 172
The Treatment of Social Phobia as an Antidote to Its Etiology,
or, Social Skills Training for Social Skills Defi cits 174
Conclusion 176
References 1 76
7 . Relation to Clinical Syndromes in Adulthood
Amy Wenzel
Comorbidity in Studies Using DSM-III and DSM-III-R Criteria 183
Comorbidity in Studies Using DSM-IV Criteria 188
Lifetime Comorbidity Rates 1 89
Current Comorbidity Rates 193
Comorbidity Between Social Anxiety Disorder and Other Conditions 197
Eating Disorders 1 97
Body Dysmorphic Disorder 1 97
Bipolar Disorder 1 98
Psychosis 1 98
Suicidality 1 99
Cross - Cultural Expressions of Comorbidity 200
Comment and Future Directions 201
References 202
8 . Avoidant Personality Disorder and Its Relationship
to Social Phobia
James Reich
Introduction 207
Diagnostic Issues Using The DSM 207
Contents ix
Review of Early Findings 209
Studies Comparing SP to APD 209
T he Association of SP to Other Personality Disorders 2 10
T reatment and Outcome Studies for SP and APD 210
Course of SP 216
A PD and State Effects 216
Findings from More Recent Literature 216
Other Relevant Reviews 216
Recent Empirical Evidence on the Construct of APD 216
Recent Empirical Evidence on the Relationship of APD and SP 217
State Personality Effects 217
Genetic Findings 218
Discussion 2 18
Conclusions 2 19
References 2 19
9 . S ocial Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Biological,
Developmental and Social Considerations
Michael F. Detweiler, Jonathan S. Comer, and Anne Marie Albano
History and Morphology of Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 224
Biological Factors 225
Genetic Infl uence 226
Brain/Cognitive Development 227
A mygdala 228
Puberty 232
Developmental Factors 236
A ttachment 236
T emperament 237
Social Factors 239
Parenting Style 239
Peer Infl uence 240
The Maintenance of Childhood Social Anxiety: A Cognitive
Behavioral Model 242
Evidence -Based Treatment of Social Anxiety 243
Conclusion /Future Directions 248
References 249
Part II

Theoretical Perspectives
10 . N euroendocrinology and Neuroimaging Studies of
Social Anxiety Disorder
K . Luan Phan and Heide Klumpp
Introduction 273
Neuroendocrinology of Social Anxiety Disorder 274
Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder 278
Brain Imaging and Neurophysiological Approaches 278