Social and Personality Development (Routledge Modular Psychology)

149 Pages·2001·1.01 MB·English

by  Tina Abbott

Social and Personality Development
Social and Personality Development looks at the processes by which we come to be who
we are. It covers a range of topics central to personality and developmental psychology.
The book is arranged in three sections, the first covering the main theories of personality,
the second describing the development of gender and the third focusing on adolescence.
It is suitable for the AQA-A A2 Level examination, but will also be of interest to those
studying education, nursing and other related disciplines.
Tina Abbott is an experienced A-level teacher and examiner and is an executive member
of the Association for the Teaching of Psychology.
Routledge Modular Psychology
Series editors: Cara Flanagan is a Reviser for AS and A2 level Psychology and lectures
at Inverness College. Philip Banyard is Associate Senior Lecturer in Psychology at
Nottingham Trent University and a Chief Examiner for AS and A2 level Psychology.
Both are experienced writers.
The Routledge Modular Psychology series is a completely new approach to
introductory-level psychology, tailor-made to the new modular style of teaching. Each
short book covers a topic in more detail than any large textbook can, allowing teacher and
student to select material exactly to suit any particular course or project.
The books have been written especially for those students new to higher-level study,
whether at school, college or university. They include specially designed features to help
with technique, such as a model essay at an average level with an examiner’s comments
to show how extra marks can be gained. The authors are all examiners and teachers at the
introductory level.
The Routledge Modular Psychology texts are all user-friendly and accessible and
include the following features:
• practice essays with specialist commentary to show how to achieve a higher grade
• chapter summaries to assist with revision
• progress and review exercises
• glossary of key terms
• summaries of key research
• further reading to stimulate ongoing study and research
• cross-referencing to other books in the series
Also available in this series (titles listed by syllabus section):
ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
Psychopathology
John D.Stirling and Jonathan S.E.Hellewell
Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology
Susan Cave
Classification and Diagnosis of Abnormal Psychology
Susan Cave (forthcoming)
BIO-PSYCHOLOGY
Cortical Functions
John Stirling
The Physiological Basis of Behaviour: Neural and hormonal processes
Kevin Silber
Awareness: Biorhythms, sleep and dreaming
Evie Bentley
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Memory and Forgetting
John Henderson
Perception: Theory, development and organisation
Paul Rookes and Jane Willson
Attention and Pattern Recognition
Nick Lund
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Early Socialisation: Sociability and attachment
Cara Flanagan
PERSPECTIVES AND RESEARCH
Controversies in Psychology
Philip Banyard
Ethical Issues and Guidelines in Psychology
Cara Flanagan and Philip Banyard (forthcoming)
Introducing Research and Data in Psychology: A guide to methods and analysis
Ann Searle
Theoretical Approaches in Psychology
Matt Jarvis
Debates in Psychology
Andy Bell (forthcoming)
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social Influences
Kevin Wren
Interpersonal Relationships
Diana Dwyer
Social Cognition
Donald C.Pennington
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Determinants of Animal Behaviour
JoAnne Cartwright (forthcoming)
Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour
John Cartwright (forthcoming)
Animal Cognition
Nick Lund (forthcoming)
OTHER TITLES
Sport Psychology
Matt Jarvis
Health Psychology
Anthony Curtis
Psychology and Work
Christine Hodson (forthcoming)
Psychology and Education
Susan Bentham (forthcoming)
Psychology and Crime
David Putwain and Aidan Sammons (forthcoming)
STUDY GUIDE
Exam Success in AQA(A) Psychology
Paul Humphreys (forthcoming)
To Little Tina and Beans, Love and Peace
Social and Personality
Development
Tina Abbott
First published 2001 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor and Francis Inc. 29 West 35th Street,
New York NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of
thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.”
© 2001 Tina Abbott
Cover design by Terry Foley
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from
the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Abbott, Tina, 1961– Social and personality
development/Tina Abbott. p.cm.—(Routledge modular psychology) Includes bibliographical
references and index. ISBN 0-415-23103-5 (hbk)—isbn 0-415-23104-3 (pbk.) 1. Personality
development. 2. Gender identity. 3. Adolescent psychology. I. Title. II. Series BF723. P4 A23
2001 155.2′5–dc21 2001034799
ISBN 0-203-99646-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-23103-5 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-23104-3 (pbk)
Contents

List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgements xi

1 Introduction 1

Section I PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 4

2 Two approaches to the study of personality 5

3 Trait and type theories 11

4 Psychoanalytic theory 23

5 Social learning approaches 36

Section II GENDER DEVELOPMENT 47

6 Social and biological approaches to gender identity 48

7 Cognitive development theories 60

8 An alternative view of gender identity 66

Section III ADOLESCENCE 72

9 The concept of adolescence 73

10 Theories of adolescence 84

11 Other influences on development 93

12 Study aids 101

Glossary 115
References 122
Index 132
Illustrations
Figures

3.1 Diagram illustrating factors and resulting dimension 12
3.2 Eysenck’s initial theory 13
3.3 Costa and McCrae’s NEO-PI five factors 18
4.1 Symbolic representation of conscious/ preconscious/unconscious 25

mind
4.2 Symbolic representation of id/ego/superego 27
5.1 Three factors that interact to create an individual’s personality 37
6.1 Perry and Bussey’s experimental conditions 53
8.1 Masculinity/femininity represented on an orthogonal scale and 67

on a continuum
9.1 Comparison between different cultures of the average age at 74

which menarche begins
9.2 Issues reaching peaks of importance at different ages (Coleman 82

and Hendry 1990)
11.1 Pro-social and anti-social behaviour during adolescence 95
11.2 Adolescent pregnancy rates per 1000 female adolescents 98