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Snow Production Equipment at Ambient Temperatures Above Zero Degrees Celsius PDF

142 Pages·2016·5.48 MB·English
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Snow Production Equipment at Ambient Temperatures Above Zero Degrees Celsius Jon-Brede Rykkje Dieseth Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Submission date: June 2016 Supervisor: Trygve Magne Eikevik, EPT Co-supervisor: Ignat Tolstorebrov, EPT Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering Preface This master thesis is a part of the Mechanical Engineering study programme at Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU), and is written during the spring of 2016. The thesis is within the scope of “Snow for the future” and is in coordination with Trondheim Kommune, Norwegian Ski Federation, SINTEF and NTNU. The thesis investigates machinery for making snow at ambient air temperatures above 0oC. I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Trygve M. Eikevik for his great guidance and dedication to the project during the work on the master thesis. A special thank also goes to my co-supervisor Ignat Tolstorebrov for being available during the work. Trondheim, 10.06.2016 Jon-Brede R. Dieseth i ii Abstract In the perspective of increasing global temperatures, the periods with natural snow is shorter and in areas, the snow in the winter is disappearing. Therefore, it is important to produce snow at temperatures above 0°C to be able to maintain the snow activity close to the cities. Today, temperature independent snow machines(TIS) produce plate ice, flake ice and ice slurry in temperatures above 0°C. There are four manufacturers of TIS, IDE Technologies, TechnoAlpin(TA), SnowTech and SnowMagic Inc. The machines are using refrigerants with challenging properties, and CO is investigated as a substitute for these. 2 Vacuum and flake ice systems with a production capacity of 50 tons/day are modelled in EES, to investigate the thermodynamic performance at different ambient temperatures. The flake ice model shows that a single stage system(SCS) consumes less energy than a two-stage system(TCS) in ambient temperatures below 14°C. The U-value and ice growth rate for the flake ice drum(FID) are highly dependent on the ice thickness. Ice has high thermal resistance, and dictates the heat transfer from water to CO rather than the metals or the refrigerants. The 2 vacuum model shows that a two stage system(TVS) is more efficient than a single stage system(SVS) regardless of the ambient temperature. A cascade system with CO is more energy 2 intensive than the two previous systems. The most efficient vacuum system consumes just 20,8% of the energy required by the least efficient flake ice system. In terms of operation costs, the snow from the flake ice system is 4,8 times more expensive than from the vacuum systems. However, the investment costs are much higher for the vacuum system. Both the SCS and TCS is more energy efficient than the TA SF100. The energy consumption is 3,4% and 1,8% lower, respectively. A comparison between the vacuum models and existing machines is difficult, due to little known information about the existing machine. COMSOL was used to do calculations on the FID. The results reveal that increasing the number of refrigerant pipes in the FID above 200, do not affect the temperature distribution on the freezing surface too much. In addition, the thickness can be optimized regarding the structural strength, rather than the heat transfer. It is suggested to work further with improving the EES- and COMSOL models, investigate heat recovery possibilities, improving the efficiency of the systems, estimating the life cycle cost, look into operation strategies to minimize the energy consumption, and to build prototypes. iii Sammendrag I perspektiv av økte globale temperaturer, er perioden med naturlig snø er kortere, og i noen områder er snøen i ferd med å forsvinne helt. For å opprettholde snøaktivitetene rundt byene er det derfor viktig å kunne produsere snø i temperaturer over 0°C. I dag produserer temperatur uavhengige snømaskiner flakis, plateis og slush is i temperaturer over 0°C. Det finnes fire produsenter, IDE Technologies, TechnoAlpin(TA), SnowTech and SnowMagic Inc. Maskinene bruker kjølemedier med utfordrende egenskaper, og CO blir utforsket som en 2 substitutt for disse. Vakuum og flakis systemer med en produksjonskapasitet på 50 tonn/dag er modellert i EES, for å undersøke den termodynamiske ytelsen i forskjellige utendørstemperaturer. Flakis modellen viser at et system med ett-trinns kompresjon(SCS) forbruker mindre energi enn et to- trinns system(TCS) i temperaturer under 14°C. Varmeovergangstallet og vekst raten til islaget på flakistrommelen(FID) henger tett sammen med tykkelsen på islaget. Is har lav termisk ledningsevne, og dikterer varmeovergangen fra vannet til CO i mye større grad enn 2 egenskapene til metallene og kjølemediene. Vakuum modellen viser at et to-trinns kompresjons system er mer effektivt enn en ett-trinns system uavhengig av utendørs temperaturen. Et kaskade-system av vakuum og CO krever mer energi enn de to foregående systemene. Det 2 mest effektive vakuum systemet forbruker kun 20,8% av energien det minst effektive flakis systemet behøver. Det betyr at flakis systemet er 4,8 ganger dyrere i drift enn vakuum systemet. Investeringskostnadene er imidlertid mye høyere for vakuum systemene. Sammenlignet med TA SF100, bruker SCS og TCS henholdsvis 3,4% og 1,8% mindre energi. En sammenligning mellom eksisterende vakuum løsning og utviklet modell er vanskelig, da systemkonfigurasjonen til det eksisterende system er ukjent. COMSOL ble brukt til å kjøre beregninger på flakis trommelen. Resultatene viser at temperaturfordelingen på fryseflaten ikke endrer seg mye ved å øke antall rør med CO til over 2 200. I tillegg, kan tykkelsen på trommelen optimeres med tanke på styrke fremfor varmeoverføring, da temperaturfordelingen ikke påvirkes særlig av endring av tykkelsen. Videreutvikling av EES- og COMSOL-modellene, undersøke varmegjenvinnings mulighetene, forbedre effektiviteten av systemene, estimere livssyklus kostnader, se på driftsstrategier for å optimere energiforbruk og produksjon, og å bygge en prototype er foreslått som videre arbeid. iv

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Temperatures Above Zero Degrees. Celsius. Jon-Brede temperature independent snow machines(TIS) produce plate ice, flake ice and ice slurry in.
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