Table Of Content

Smithells S E m H E DITION EDITED BY EA.. BRANDES & GOBBo Smithells Metals Reference Book Smithells Metals Reference Book Seventh Edition Edited by E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM and G. B. Brook DMet(She$), FEng, FIM U T T E R W O R T H E I N E M A N N Butterw orth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd -@A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Fmt published 1949 Second edition 1955 Third edition 1962 Fourth edition 1967 Fifth edition 1976 Reprinted 1978 Sixth edition 1983 Seventh edition 1992 Paperback edition (with corrections) 1998, 1999 Q Reed Educational and Pmfessiond Publishing Ltd 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WlP 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for tl& book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Libmy of Congress ISBN 0 7506 3624 6 Printed and bound in Great Brihin by The Bath Press, Bath Contents Preface to the Seventh Edition xv Acknowledgements xvi List of contributors xvii 1 Related specifications 1-1 1.1 Related specifications 1-1 Related specifications for steels 1-1 Related specifications for aluminium alloys 1-7 Related specifications for copper alloys 1-8 Related specificationsf or magnesium alloys 1-9 2 Introductory tables 2- 1 2.1 Conversion factors 2-1 SI units - Conversion to and from SI units - Temperature conversions, IPTS-49 to IPTS-68 - Corrosion conversion factors - Sieve Nos to aperture size - Temperature scale conversions 2.2 Mathematical formulae 2-12 Algebra - Series and progressions - Trigonometry - Mensuration - Co- ordinate geometry - Calculus 3 General physical and chemical constants 3-1 Atomic weights and atomic numbers - General physical constants - Moments of inertia - Periodic system 3.1 Radioactive isotopes and radiation sources 3-5 Positron emitters - Beta energies and half-lives - Gamma energies and half-lives - Nuclides for alpha, beta, gamma and neutron sources 4 X-ray analysis of metallic materials 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Excitation of X-rays 4-1 X-ray wavelengths 4.3 X-ray techniques 4-1 1 X-ray diffraction - Specific applications - Crystal geometry 4.4 X-ray results 4-36 Metal working - Crystal structure - Atomic and ionic radii V vi Contents 4.5 X-ray fluorescence 442 4.6 Radiation screening 444 Definitions - Concrete screening - Lead screening 5 Crystallography 5- 1 5.1 The structure of crystals 5-1 Translation groups - Symmetry elements - The point group - The space group 5.2 The Schoenflies system of point- and space-groups notation 5-3 5.3 The Hermann-Mauguin system of point- and space-group notation 5-3 Notes on the space-group tables 6 Crystal chemistry 6-1 6.1 Structures of metals, metalloids and their compounds 6-1 6.2 Structural details 6-36 7 Metallurgically important minerals 7-1 7.1 Ore grades and sources 7-2 8 Thermochemical data 8-1 8.1 Symbols 8-1 8.2 Changes of phase 8-1 Elements - Intermetallic compounds - Metallurgically important compounds 8.3 Heat, entropy and free energy of formation 8-8 Elements - Intermetallic compounds - Selenides and tellurides - Intermetallic phases 8.4 Metallic systems of unlimited mutual solubility 8-16 Liquid binary metallic systems 8.5 Metallurgically important compounds 8-21 Borides - Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides - Halides - Silicates and carbonates - Compound (double) oxides - Phosphides - Phosphides dissociation pressures - Sulphides dissociation pressures 8.6 Molar heat capacities and specific heats 8-41 Elements - Alloy phases and intermetallic compounds - Borides - Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides, selenides and tellurides - Halides 8.7 Vapour pressures 8-54 Elements - Halides, oxides 9 Physical properties of molten salts 9-1 9.1 Density of pure molten salts 9-1 9.2 Densities of molten salt systems 9-7 9.3 Density of some solid inorganic compounds at room temperature 9-19 9.4 Electrical conductivity of pure molten salts 9-20 9.5 Electrical conductivity of molten salt systems 9-28 Contents vii 9.6 Surface tension of pure molten salts 942 9.7 Surface tension of binary molten salt systems 945 9.8 Viscosity of pure molten salts 9-5 1 9.9 Viscosity of molten binary salt systems 9-52 10 Metallography 10-1 10.1 Macroscopic examination 10-1 10.2 Microscopic examination 10-1 Etching reagents for macroscopic examination - Plastic for mounting - Attack polishing - Electrolytic polishing solutions - Reagents for chemical polishing - Etching - Colour etching - Etching for dislocations 10.3 Metallographic methods for specific metals 10-22 Aluminium - Antimony and bismuth - Beryllium - Cadmium - Chromium - Cobalt - Copper - Gold - Indium - Iron and steel - Cast iron - Lead - Magnesium - Molybdenum - Nickel - Niobium - Platinum group metals - Silicon - Silver - Tantalum - Tin - Titanium - Tungsten - Uranium - Zinc - Zirconium - Bearing metals - Cemented carbides and other hard alloys - Powdered and sintered metals 10.4 Electron metallography 1M2 Transmission electron microscopy - Extraction - Replica techniques for industrial alloys - Thin foil techniques for industrial alloys - Scanning electron microscopy - Electron spectroscopy 10.5 Quantitative image analysis 1M9 10.6 Scanning acoustic microscopy 10-70 11 Equilibrium diagrams 11-1 1 1.1 Index of binary diagrams 11-1 1 1.2 Equilibrium diagrams 11-7 11.3 Acknowledgements 11486 Binary systems 11.4 Ternary and higher systems 11496 12 Gas-metal systems 12-1 12.1 The solution of gases in metals 12-1 Dilute solutions of diatomic gases - Complex @-metal systems - Solutions of hydrogen - Solutions of nitrogen - Solutions of oxygen - Solutions of the noble gases - Theoretical and practical aspects of gas- metal equilibria 13 Diffusion in metals 13-1 13.1 Introduction 13-1 13.2 Methods of measuring D 13-4 Steady-state methods - Non-steady-state methods - Indirect methods, not based on Fick’s laws 13.3 Mechanisms of diffusion 13-7 Selfdiffusion in solid elements - Tracer impurity diffusion coefficients - Diflusion in homogeneous alloys 13.4 Chemical diffusion coefficient measurements 13-70 viii Contents 13.5 Grain boundary self-dimusion 13-116 13.6 Self-diffusion in liquid metals 13-118 14 General physical properties 14-1 14.1 The physical properties of pure metals 14-1 Physical properties of pure metals at normal temperatures - Physical properties of pure metals at elevated temperatures 14.2 The physical properties of liquid metals 14-45 Density - Surface tension - Viscosity - Specific heat, thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity 14.3 The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys 14-14 Aluminium alloys at normal temperatures 14.4 The physical properties of copper and copper alloys 14-16 14.5 The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys 14-19 14.6 The physical properties of nickel and nickel alloys 1422 14.7 The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys 14-25 14.8 The physical properties of zinc and zinc alloys 14-26 14.9 The physical properties of zirconium alloys 1426 14.10 The physical properties of pure tin 14-26 14.11 The physical properties of steels 14-27 Normal and elevated temperatures - Low temperature properties of steels 15 Elastic properties, damping capacity and shape 15-1 memory alloys 15.1 Elastic properties 15-1 Elastic constants of polycrystalline metals - Young's modulus - Rigidity modulus - Bulk modulus - Poisson's ratio - Elastic compliances and elastic stiffnesses of single crystals - Room temperature - Cubic systems - Hexagonal systems - Trigonal systems - Tetragonal systems - Orthorhombic systems 15.2 Damping capacity 154 Specific damping capacity of commercial alloys - Anelastic damping 15.3 Shape memory alloys 15-36 Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys - Compositions and transformation temperatures - Titanium-nickel shape memory alloy properties 16 Temperature measurement and thermoelectric properties 161 16.1 Temperature measurement 161 Fixed points of ITS90 - Thermal electromotive force of elements and some binary alloys - Absolute thermoelectric power 16.2 Thermocoude reference tables 16-4 17 Radiating properties of metals 17-1 Total and spectra emissivity - Temperature measurement and emissivity - Emissivity values, spectral and total - Emissivity of oxidized metals Contents ix 18 Electron emission 18-1 18.1 Thermionic emission 18-1 Elements - Adsorbed layers - Refractory metal compounds - Practical cathodes 18.2 Photoelectric emission 18-4 Photoelectric work functions - Emitting surfaces 18.3 Secondary emission 18-5 Emission coefficients - Oxidized alloys - Photocells - Insulating metal compounds 18.4 Auger emission 18-7 18.5 Electron emission under positive ion bombardment 18-8 18.6 Field emission 18-9 19 Electrical properties 19-1 19.1 Resistivity 19-1 Pure metals - Alloys - Specific copper alloys - EC aluminium 19.2 Superconductivity 19-7 Transition temperatures and critical fields of elements - Superconducting compounds 20 Magnetic materials and their properties 20-1 20.1 Magnetic materials 20-1 20.2 Permanent magnetic materials 2&2 Steels - cast irons - Alnico alloys - Ferrites - Rare earths and cobalt alloys - Neodymiun iron boron - Bonded materials 20.3 Magnetically soft materials 20-9 Silicon iron alloys - Ferrites - Garnets - Nickel iron alloys - Amorphous alloy materials 20.4 High saturation and constant permeability alloys 20-1 7 20.5 Magnetic powder core materials 20-17 20.6 Magnetic temperature compensating materials 20-17 20.7 Non magnetic steels and cast irons - Units and definitions 20-18 21 Mechanical testing 21-1 21.1 Hardness testing 21-1 Brinell - Rockwell - Rockwell superficial hardness - Vickers - Micro- hardness - Hardness conversion tables 21.2 Tensile testing 21-8 Test piece dimensions - standards 21.3 Impact testing of notched bars 21-10 Izod - Charpy 21-10 21.4 Plane strain fracture toughness testing 21-12 Test pieces - Calculation and interpretation of results - Plane stress COD - Recording test results