Smith and Aitkenhead's textbook of anaesthesia

1085 Pages·2013·28.19 MB·English

by  G Smith

Smith and Aitkenhead’s
Textbook of Anaesthesia
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Smith and
Aitkenhead’s Textbook
of Anaesthesia
Sixth Edition
ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
Emeritus Professor of Anaesthesia
Division of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Queen's Medical Centre
Nottingham, UK
IAIN K. MOPPETT
Associate Professor and Honorary Consultant
Division of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Queen's Medical Centre
Nottingham, UK
JONATHAN P. THOMPSON
Senior Lecturer/Hon Consultant in Anaesthesia and Critical Care
University of Leicester and UHL NHS Trust
Leicester Royal Infirmary
Leicester, UK
© 2013, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
First edition 1985
Second edition 1990
Third edition 1996
Fourth edition 2001
Fifth edition 2007
The right of A.R. Aitkenhead, I.K. Moppett and J.P. Thompson to be identified as authors of this work has been
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................ix 10 DRUGS USED IN RENAL DISEASE .........168
JUSTIAAN C. SWANEVELDER
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ...............................xi
11 METABOLISM, THE STRESS RESPONSE
1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
TO SURGERY AND PERIOPERATIVE
OF PHARMACOLOGY ...............................1
THERMOREGULATION ........................180
ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
CHARLES D. DEAKIN
2 INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETIC
AGENTS .................................................14 12 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID–BASE
BALANCE .............................................199
MARY C. MUSHAMBI
GARETH WILLIAMS
3 INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETIC
AGENTS .................................................37 13 HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
ALAN R. AITKENHEAD AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION ................216
MARTIN BEED
4 LOCAL ANAESTHETIC AGENTS ..............56
GRAEME A. MCLEOD n TIM G. HALES 14 BASIC PHYSICS FOR THE
5 ANALGESIC DRUGS ................................69 ANAESTHETIST ....................................236
PATRICK MAGEE
LESLEY A. COLVIN
6 MUSCLE FUNCTION AND 15 ANAESTHETIC APPARATUS ..................262
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE .............87 MARY C. MUSHAMBI n SATYA FRANCIS
JENNIFER M. HUNTER
16 CLINICAL MEASUREMENT AND
7 SEDATIVE AND ANXIOLYTIC MONITORING ......................................312
DRUGS .................................................105
SIMON SCOTT
MATTHEW WILES
17 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND
8 DRUGS ACTING ON THE
PREMEDICATION .................................357
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM .................116
IAIN K. MOPPETT n ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
JONATHAN P. THOMPSON
9 DRUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY 18 INTERCURRENT DISEASE AND
SYSTEM ................................................155 ANAESTHESIA ......................................377
ANDREW LUMB n SIMON FLOOD SUSAN NIMMO n GRAHAM R. NIMMO
v
vi CONTENTS
19 CONSENT AND INFORMATION 32 NEUROSURGICAL ANAESTHESIA .........640
FOR PATIENTS .....................................422 MICHAEL H. NATHANSON
IAIN K. MOPPETT n ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
33 ANAESTHESIA FOR THORACIC
20 THE OPERATING THEATRE SURGERY ..............................................657
ENVIRONMENT ....................................428 DAVID J.R. DUTHIE
ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
34 ANAESTHESIA FOR CARDIAC
21 THE PRACTICAL CONDUCT SURGERY ..............................................674
OF ANAESTHESIA .................................444 ANDREW KLEIN n JOSEPH E. ARROWSMITH
DAVID FELL n DAVID KIRKBRIDE
35 OBSTETRIC ANAESTHESIA AND
22 MANAGEMENT OF THE DIFFICULT ANALGESIA ..........................................690
AIRWAY ................................................462 MELANIE DAVIES n DAVID G. BOGOD
TIM COOK n TOM SIMPSON
36 PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA ..................731
23 MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGH-RISK ERIC DE MELO
SURGICAL PATIENT ..............................497
37 EMERGENCY ANAESTHESIA .................751
JONATHAN WILSON
RICHARD GRIFFITHS n JOHN DELOUGHRY
24 LOCAL ANAESTHETIC TECHNIQUES....514
38 ANAESTHESIA OUTSIDE THE
DAVID M. COVENTRY
OPERATING THEATRE .........................769
25 ANAESTHESIA FOR THE BARIATRIC SALLY HANCOCK
PATIENT ...............................................550
39 ANAESTHESIA FOR THE PATIENT
NICHOLAS REYNOLDS
WITH A TRANSPLANTED
26 DAY-CASE ANAESTHESIA .....................560 ORGAN ................................................784
JEREMY A. LANGTON CHRISTOPHER SNOWDEN
27 ANAESTHESIA FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL 40 POSTOPERATIVE CARE ........................794
AND GENITOURINARY SURGERY .........568
ALAN R. AITKENHEAD
MARTIN BEED
41 POSTOPERATIVE PAIN .........................822
28 ANAESTHESIA FOR ORTHOPAEDIC
K. ELAINE TIGHE
SURGERY ..............................................578
42 POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA
JONATHAN G. HARDMAN n NIGEL M. BEDFORTH
AND VOMITING ...................................843
29 ANAESTHESIA FOR ENT,
CAMERON WEIR
MAXILLOFACIAL AND DENTAL
SURGERY ..............................................590 43 COMPLICATIONS DURING
ANAESTHESIA ......................................853
NICHOLAS J. CHESSHIRE
JONATHAN G. HARDMAN n NIGEL M. BEDFORTH
30 OPHTHALMIC ANAESTHESIA ...............601
CHANDRA KUMAR n SEAN WILLIAMSON 44 QUALITY AND SAFETY
IN ANAESTHESIA .................................887
31 ANAESTHESIA FOR VASCULAR,
RAVI P. MAHAJAN n IAIN K. MOPPETT
ENDOCRINE AND PLASTIC
SURGERY ..............................................620 45 THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT .................902
JONATHAN P. THOMPSON ANDREW BODENHAM n LORNA EYRE
CONTENTS vii
46 MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN .....932 Appendix B DATA, STATISTICS
BEVERLY J. COLLETT n MARGARET BONE AND CLINICAL TRIALS .........................974
IAIN K. MOPPETT
47 RESUSCITATION ..................................948
JERRY P. NOLAN Appendix C CLINICAL DATA ...................996
GERRIE VAN DER WALT n HANNAH KING
Appendix A TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT
IN ANAESTHESIA .................................966
LIAM BRENNAN
Intentionally left as blank
PREFACE
T In addition, we have rearranged the order of chapters
he objective of the sixth edition of Textbook of into a more logical format.
Anaesthesia remains the same as that of previous edi- We asked a number of senior, experienced authors
tions, namely to provide a concise, easy-to-read text with expertise in their subject to modify or completely
for novices in anaesthesia and an essential resource re-write their contributions. We have also recruited 25
for those preparing for the Primary Examinations new authors to ensure the invigoration of the text by
of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Candidates fresh younger minds. We are grateful to all the authors
for these examinations require an extensive knowl- for their contributions and we also thank our review-
edge of the basic sciences underpinning anaesthe- ers and readers who have made helpful suggestions,
sia, critical care and pain management, and the many of which have influenced the planning of the
clinical knowledge and skills expected in those who new edition. We are also grateful to the publishers who
have completed at least 12-18 months in a full-time have cooperated in our desire to make fundamental
training post. changes.
In preparing the present edition, there have been We hope that the sixth edition will be as popular
many significant modifications. The title has been as previous editions and remain the book of choice
changed to ‘Smith and Aitkenhead’s Textbook of for trainees embarking on a career in anaesthesia.
Anaesthesia’ to reflect the enormous contributions of Although this book is aimed primarily at the novice
Professor Graham Smith to the first five editions. Two trainee, we are aware that many anaesthetists study-
new editors have joined the editorial team to replace ing for the Final FRCA examinations use Textbook of
Professors Smith and Rowbotham. After extensive and Anaesthesia when revising the basics; we hope that
careful review, we felt that it was essential to continue this will continue. We are also aware that the book is
to cover in detail the basic sciences which have direct used by trainee anaesthetists in many countries other
and close clinical relevance. Indeed, without this in- than the UK; of course, the training needs are the
formation, it is not possible to understand the clinical same although the examination structures differ. We
material described in the book. We have introduced also believe that this is more than a book suitable for
new chapters dealing with consent and information examination preparation; it continues to be a practi-
for patients, management of the difficult airway, man- cal guide for all anaesthetists and other healthcare
agement of the high-risk patient, anaesthesia for ab- professionals involved in the care of patients in the
dominal surgery and in the obese patient, anaesthetic perioperative period.
considerations in transplant patients, safety and qual-
ity improvement, resuscitation, and education and A.R. Aitkenhead, Nottingham
training. We have also combined the subjects of clini- I.K. Moppett, Nottingham
cal measurement and monitoring into a single chapter. J.P. Thompson, Leicester
ix