Table Of ContentSmart Trajectories
This book highlights the developments, discoveries, and practical and advanced
experiences related to responsive distributed computing and how it can support the
deployment of trajectory-based applications in smart systems.
Smart Trajectories: Metamodeling, Reactive Architecture for Analytics, and Smart
Applications deals with the representation and manipulation of smart trajectories in
various applications and scenarios. Presented in three parts, the book first discusses
the foundation and principles for spatial information systems, complex event pro-
cessing, and building a reactive architecture. Next, the book discusses modeling and
architecture in relation to smart trajectory metamodeling, mining and big trajectory
data, and clustering trajectories. The final section discusses advanced applications
and trends in the field, including congestion trajectory analytics and real-time Big
Data analytics in cloud ecosystems. Metamodeling, distributed architectures, reac-
tive programming, Big Data analytics, NoSQL databases, connected objects, and
edge-fog-cloud computing form the basis of the concepts and applications discussed.
The book also presents a number of case studies to demonstrate smart trajectories
related to spatiotemporal events such as traffic congestion and pedestrian accidents.
This book is intended for graduate students in computer engineering, spatial data-
bases, complex event processing, distributed systems, and geographical information
systems (GIS). The book will also be useful for practicing traffic engineers, city man-
agers, and environmental engineers interested in monitoring and security analysis.
Smart Trajectories
Metamodeling, Reactive Architecture for
Analytics, and Smart Applications
Edited by
Azedine Boulmakoul, Lamia Karim
and Bharat Bhushan
Cover image: © Shutterstock
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Azedine Boulmakoul, Lamia Karim and Bharat Bhushan, indi-
vidual chapters, the contributors
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ISBN: 978-1-032-18281-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-18666-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-25563-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003255635
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by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editor Biographies ....................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Intelligent Distributed Computing Paradigm .......................................1
Abdelfettah Idri
Chapter 2 Multi-Micro-Agent System Middleware Model Based on Event
Sourcing and CQRS Patterns .............................................................25
Mohamed Youssfi, Fatima Ezzahra Ezzrahari, Younes Hajoui,
Omar Bouattane, and Vassilis Kaburlasos
Chapter 3 Intelligent Distributed Computing Paradigm: Emergence,
Challenges and Future Research Directions ......................................47
Avinash Kumar, Snigdha Kashyap, Anuj Kumar, Saptadeepa
Kalita, Sonal Shriti, and Khushi Samridhi
Chapter 4 Emerging Paradigm of Urban Computing: Challenges,
Applications, and Future Research Directions ...................................67
Saptadeepa Kalita, Avinash Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Snigdha
Kashyap, Parma Nand, and Nandita Pokhriyal
Chapter 5 Complex Event Processing Architectures for Smart City
Applications ........................................................................................87
Sonal Shriti, Bharat Bhushan, Avinash Kumar, Parma Nand,
and Tanmayee Prakash Tilekar
Chapter 6 Portunus: Enhancing Smart City Application Connectivity with
a Complex Space-Time Events Distributed System .........................103
Basmi Wadii and Azedine Boulmakoul
Chapter 7 Smart Trajectories Meta-Modeling ..................................................113
Lamia Karim and Azedine Boulmakoul
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 A Type-Level Trajectory Framework ...............................................127
Soufiane Maguerra, Azedine Boulmakoul, and
Hassan Badir
Chapter 9 A Distributed Reactive Trajectory Framework for Nearby
Event Discovery ...............................................................................139
Mohamed Nahri, Azedine Boulmakoul, and
Lamia Karim
Chapter 10 A Multidimensional Trajectory Model in the Context of
Mobile Crowd Sensing .....................................................................153
Hafsa El Hafyani, Karine Zeitouni, Yehia Taher, Laurent Yeh,
and Ahmad Ktaish
Chapter 11 Trajectory Mining Based on Process Mining in RORO
Terminals: Performance-Driven Analysis to Support Trajectory
Redesign ...........................................................................................177
Mouna Amrou Mhand, Azedine Boulmakoul, and Hassan Badir
Chapter 12 Aspects of Mobility Data in the Fog/Cloud Era: Directions from
a Pilot Case Study of Hazmat Transportation Telemonitoring in
an Urban Area ..................................................................................191
Adil El Bouziri and Azedine Boulmakoul
Chapter 13 Utility Assessment of Line-of-Sight Traffic Jam and
Queue Detection in Urban Environments for Intelligent Road
Vehicles ............................................................................................207
Zoltan Fazekas, Mohammed Obaid, Azedine Boulmakoul,
Lamia Karim, and Péter Gáspár
Chapter 14 Risky Trajectory Prediction for Safe Walkability under an
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment .....................................................229
Ghyzlane Cherradi, Azedine Boulmakoul, Lamia Karim,
Zoltan Fazekas, and Péter Gáspár
Chapter 15 A Real-Time Reactive Service-Oriented Architecture for
Safe Urban Walkability ....................................................................243
Kaoutar Bella and Azedine Boulmakoul
Contents vii
Chapter 16 Safest Trajectories for Pedestrians Using Distributed
Architecture Based on Spatial Risk Analysis and Voronoï
Spatial Accessibility .........................................................................257
Aziz Mabrouk and Azedine Boulmakoul
Chapter 17 Toward a Predictive Simulation Framework of Accident
Risks for Pedestrians Based on Distributed Artificial
Intelligence and Intuitionist Fuzzy Modeling ..................................273
Meriem Mandar and Azedine Boulmakoul
Chapter 18 Trajectory to a New Shape of Organizational Structure,
Enterprise Architect, and Organizational Audit for
Governance of Information Systems Processes ...............................285
Zineb Besri and Azedine Boulmakoul
Chapter 19 Dynamic Detection of Fuzzy Subcongested Urban Traffic
Networks ..........................................................................................301
Fatima-ezzahra Badaoui, Azedine Boulmakoul, and
Rachid Oulad Haj Thami
Chapter 20 Multiagent Modeling for Pedestrian Risk Assessment ....................317
Maroua Razzouqi and Azedine Boulmakoul
Index ......................................................................................................................331
Preface
Classical trajectory modeling provided in the literature captures the movement of an
object in space-time over a given period. Currently, the movement of people and goods
in a given geographic area can be observed from digital traces deposited by personal
or vehicular mobile devices and collected by wireless network infrastructures. For
example, mobile phones leave positioning logs, which specify their location, and at
all times they are connected to the mobile network; similarly, equipped with global
positioning system (GPS)–type geolocation equipment, portable devices can record
their latitude-longitude geolocation at each instant when they are exposed to a loca-
tion device and can transmit their trajectories to a collection server. Automatic teller
machines (ATMs), electronic payment services online or in the field, speed cameras,
etc., keep track of the spatiotemporal geolocation of events.
The central issue dealt with in this book concerns the representation and manip-
ulation of smart trajectories in various fields. Metamodeling, distributed architec-
tures, reactive programming, Big Data analytics, NoSQL databases, connected
objects, and edge-fog-cloud computing form the basis of the axes developed in this
book. The omnipresence of pervasive technologies guarantees an increasing avail-
ability of large volumes of spatiotemporal data. Therefore, there is an opportunity to
discover online, from these trajectories, spatiotemporal patterns that convey useful
knowledge. For example, consider the traffic control system in an urban network.
The sensors report congestion events on a continuous time basis. With such data,
it is possible to support city traffic control decisions in real time. Such a discovery
can help in the search for an efficient reengineering of traffic and develop innovative
solutions in terms of informatics of urban systems: urban computing in the context
of smart cities. The main benefit of this book is to have a consistent set of trajectory
modeling patterns and advanced reactive manifesto–based software practices with
real-world applications. This book is an essential concept and an engineering guide
for the analysis of trajectories of complex systems.
The objective of this book is to combine the latest advances in terms of the model
and applications of trajectories in various fields. It presents a synthesis of the authors’
current and past research work and opens perspectives on future developments to
be deepened in the context of smart trajectories. It is the convergence of several
research works on trajectories, which gave rise to several defended PhDs. All of our
research activities are presented in a factual manner.
This book can serve as a useful reference for a larger audience in different domain
areas:
• Graduate students: Computer engineering, spatial databases, complex event
processing, distributed systems, GIS
• Industry professionals
• City management engineers, urban traffic monitoring operators, and traffic
engineers
• Security analysis and monitoring engineers
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