Smart Structures: Applications and Related Technologies

359 Pages·2001·28.565 MB·English

by  Afzal Suleman (eds.)

CISM COURSESAND LECTURES
Series Editors:
The Rectors
Sandor Kaliszky - Budapest
Mahir Sayir - Zurich
Wilhelm Schneider -Wien
The Secretary General
Bernhard Schrefler - Padua
Former Secretary General
Giovanni Bianchi - Milan
Executive Editor
Carlo Tasso -Udine
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and
proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science
and Applied Mathematics.
Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific
and technical community results obtained in some of the activities
organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES
COURSESAND LECTURES -No. 429
SMART STRUCTURES
APPLICATIONS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
EDITEDBY
AFZAL SULEMAN
INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO
~ Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
This volume contains 230 illustrations
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine
or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 2001 by Springer-Verlag Wien
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 2001
SPIN 10855601
In order to make this volume availab1e as economically and as
rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been
reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately
has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no
way distract the reader.
ISBN 978-3-211-83681-1 ISBN 978-3-7091-2686-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2686-8
PREFACE
In the past decade, technological developments in material and computer
seiences have evolved to the point where their synergistic combination have
culminated in a new field of multi-diseiplinary research in smart structures, systems
and related technologies. The advances in material seiences have provided a
comprehensive and theoretical framework for implementing multifunctionality into
materials, and the development of high speed digital computers has permitted the
Iransformation of that framework into methodologies for practical design imd
production. The concept is elementary: a highly integrated sensor system provides
data on the structure and its environment to a processing and control system which
in turn signals integrated actuators to modify the system properlies in an
appropriate fashion. The multifunctional electro-magneto-thermo -mechano
rheological materials have presented an exceptional promise in the fields of active
vibration suppression, shape control, noise attenuation, structural health
monitoring, smart machines and micro-electro-mechanical systems with
application in aircraft, aerospace, automobile, eivil structures and consumer
industry.
This book is a result of the Advanced School on Smart Structures and
Materials: Theory and Applications, which took place in the Centre International
des Seiences Mecaniques (CISM), Udine, Italy, during June 19-23, 2000. The
course, lectured by the authors of the different parts of this book, brought together
a [arge number of partieipants ranging from doctoral and postgraduale students
to researchers, developers and young faculty, concerned with advanced theoretical
and design issues in smart structures, materials and related technologies. The
lecture notes used to support the course were carefully revised by the authors,
taking into account the discussions generated and the interests of the target
readers. The book covers the fundamentals in smart structures, materials, systems
and related technologies and it provides a comprehensive overview of the current
state of the art in the field. The mathematical foundations, engineering design
tools and experimental techniques illustrated with practical applications are
presented.
I am indebted to the lecturers of the Advanced School not only for putting
together excellent presentations that greatly motivated the active participation of
those that attended the course but also for their contribution to the lecture notes
and to this book. I am grateful to all participants in the Advanced School for their
excellent contributions to the discussions that took place during and after the
course. A word of acknowledgement is also due to the CISM Scientific Council for
supporting the Advanced School and recognizing the importance of topics related
with smart structures, systems and related technologies in the framework of the
Mechanical Sciences. Finally, a special thank you is due to Prof. Arantes e
Oliveira and Prof. Carlos Mota Soares not only for the initial discussions that led
to the proposal and organization of the Advanced School in Smart Structures,
Materialsand related technologies but also for their continuing support.
Afzal Suleman
CONTENTS
Page
Preface
CHAPTER I - ADAPTIVE SHAPE CONTROL
1 . Smart structures - an overview
2. ModeHing of piezoelectric actuators in shells, plates and beams
3. A finite element adaptive plate model
4. An adaptive aeroelastic wing
5. An adaptive truss structure
by A. Suleman ................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER II - ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL
I . Adaptive structures research at the University of Stuttgart
2. Piezoelectric stack actuator: FE-modeling and application
for vibration isolation
3. Damping of Structural Vibrations Using Adaptive Joint Connections
and Neural Control
4. Sensor and actuator design methods in active vibration control
for distributed parameter structures
5. Controller design for friction driven systems
6. Piezoelectric analysis with FEM and BEM
by L. Gaul ..................................•................................................................. 63
CHAPTER III - SMART MACHINE SYSTEMS
I . Electrostructured fluids and smart machines
2. Electrostructured fluid flow quantification
3. ESF clutch driven mechanisms and the ER linear
reversing motion demonstrator
4. ER/MR flow mode damper design methodology and railcar lateral
suspension application
5. ESF tribology, hydrodynamic lubrication and
the flexibly operated lens finisher
by W.A. Bullough ....................................................................................... 13 I
CHAPTER IV - MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
1. Microelectromechanical Systems
2. Small and I arge: scaling
3. Silicon micromachining
4. Principles of measurement mechanical quantities:
transduction of deformation
. 5. Case studies
by M. Elwenspoek and R. Wiegerink ........................................................... 219
CHAPTER V - HEAL TH MONITORING SYSTEMS
1. Structural health monitoring: concepts and procedures
2. Fiber optics sensors systems
3. Fiber optic elements
4. Strain measurement inside composite materials by fiber optic Bragg
gratings
5. Fiber optic sensors for resin flow and composite eure ·monitoring
· by J.A. Guemes ................. ~ ......................................................................... 311
CHAPTERI
ACTIVE SHAPE CONTROL
1. Smart structures - an overview
2. ModeHing of piezoelectric actuators in shells, plates and
beams
3. A finiteelementadaptive plate model
4. An adaptive aeroelastic wing
5. An adaptive truss structure
A. Sulrman
Associate Professor
IDMEC-lnstituto Superior Tccnico
Department of Mcchanicul Engineering
A \' Rovisco Pais
I 04lJ-00 I Lisboa -PORTUGAL
Tel: .[phone]
Fax: .[phone]
e-mail: sukman'a isLutl.pt
1. Smart Structures - an Overview
A. Suleman\ E. Prasad2, R. Blackow2 and D. Waechtei
1. IDMEC-Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
2. Sensor Technology Ltd., Ontario, Canada
Abstract Smart structures represent a new engineering approach or design philosophy that in
tegrates the actions of sensors, actuators and control circuit elements into a single system timt
can respond adaptively to environmental changes in a useful manner. These integrated systems
possess an inherent adaptation - a functionality that adds significant value to materials. tech
nologies or end products - that in-turn enables system perfommnce enhancements that are not
possible with traditional approaches. This section documents the state-ot:the-art evaluation of
the embryonie field ofmultifunctional materialsandadaptive stmcnrres.
1.1 Introduction
Materials have profoundly intluenced history such that time periods have been classified based on
the materials being used i.e.stone age, the bronze age and the iron age. The current composite mate
rials are providing a platform to the dawn of a new era, the multitunctional materials age, which will
capitalize on novel material characteristics to exploit emerging technologies for the synthesis of
smart structures, systems and related technologies. It is anticipated that these innovative materials
and related technologies will be utilized in nanotechnology, biomimetics, micro-electro-mechanical
systems, and smart machines and structures, to name a few. Self-repair, self-diagnosis, selt:.
multiplication and selt:.degradation arealso some of the characteristics anticipated tobe a feature of
smart systems and technologies
An adaptive structure is a system that consists or intrinsic sensors, actuators and control mecha
nisms to sense extemal stimuli, respond to these stimuli in a predetennined manner and revert back
to its original state with the removal of the stimuli. Active structures utilize advanced tunctional
materials whose properlies can be used for sensing an external stimulus and/or responding to the
stimulus. Suchmaterialsare commonly used in numerous tunctional devices for various applications.
A review of the state-ot:the-art in adaptive structure technologies is presented, and evaluation crite
ria for sensors, actuators and control systems are presented for use in adaptive structural systems.
1.2 Multifunctional Materialsand Adaptive Structun'S
Multitunctionalmaterials are defined as those materials that have intrinsic or extrinsic capahililies to
respond to an extcrnal stimulus in a usefulmanner. The external stimulus being sensed could involve
a change in a material's environmental condition, such as light, temperature, pressure, humidity,
electric field, magnetic field, etc. The response to an environmental change would involve a change
in one or more of the material's physical properties; such as, size, shape, colour, structure,
conductivity, magnetization or polarization, etc.