Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring PDF
Preview Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring
Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 4 Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay Alex Mason Editors Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 4 SeriesEditor SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT) MasseyUniversity(Turitea) PalmerstonNorth NewZealand E-mail:[email protected] Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10617 Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Alex Mason (Eds.) Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring ABC Editors Prof.SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay MasseyUniversity(Manawatu) PalmerstonNorth NewZealand Dr.AlexMason TheSchoolofBuiltEnvironment LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity Liverpool UK ISSN2194-8402 ISSN2194-8410 (electronic) ISBN978-3-642-37005-2 ISBN978-3-642-37006-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013932787 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad- casting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorage andretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown orhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviews orscholarly analysis ormaterial suppliedspecifically forthepurposeofbeingentered andexecuted ona computersystem,forexclusive usebythepurchaser ofthework.Duplication ofthis publication orparts thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscur- rentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtained fromSpringer. Permissionsforusemaybe obtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecutionunder therespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neither the authors northe editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerial containedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Editorial Potable water is a finite resource which is key to continued sustainable development. However, maintaining sufficient clean water to meet our growing needs is becoming increasinglychallenging;factorssuchasclimatechange,naturaldisastersandourown industrialdevelopmentareasignificantthreattothecleanlinessofwatersupplies.Some problems have been present for a long time but have only recently reached a critical level,whileothersarenewlyemerging.Whateverthecause,thereisthegrowingneed for the water industry to tighten its control and develop its understanding of what is happening to water resources in both fine detail and in real-time. In doing this, key information will be available, allowing industries and authorities to characterize and identifychangesortrendsinwaterpropertiesovertime,andidentifynewthreatstowa- terquality.Obviouslyhavingsuchinformationisonlypartofasolutiontothisstruggle however,butitisenvisagedthatthisinformationwillallow: (1) assistinginthesettingofspecificcontaminantpreventionorremediationprograms; (2) determinationofwhethercurrentgoals(e.g.legislationcompliance)arebeingmet; (3) respondingtoissuesastheyhappen,thusprovidingforincreasedreal-timepreven- tativemeasuresratherthanpost-eventremediation. Although having such aspirations is admirable,it will not be possible withoutsig- nificantcollaborationbetweenindustry,legislativebodiesandresearchers.Fromaleg- islativeperspective,pressuremustbemaintainedtoensurethatthewaterindustryand itsuserstrivetowardbettermanagementanddistributionofwatersources.Inaddition, factorsimpactingonwatersourcessuchaslandfill,agricultureandindustrialsitesalso requirestrictcontroltoensurethattheycontinuetoimproveandobservebestpractice policies. Where contamination is a natural occurrence and remediation strategies are executed,carefulmonitoringoftheprocesswillbenecessarytoensurethatthestrategy isappropriateandprovidetimelyinformationformodificationwherenecessary. Ensuringthatallconcernedareplayingtheirpartasintendedwillrequireincreased monitoring,andforthisweneedresearcherstoengageindevelopingappropriatesmart sensors and sensor systems. Such systems will need to be low-cost so that they can beappliedin situ,robust,maintenancefreeandeasyto deploy.Thesensorsor sensor systemswillalso requiresomelevelofintelligencein orderto determinewhetherthe VI Editorial sensordataretrievedfromthefieldisofimportance,andperhapsalsoinwhatcontext it is importantso thatan appropriateautomatedor humanresponsecan be instigated. Furthermore,andperhapsthegreatestchallengeofall,sensorsshouldprovideinforma- tiononawiderangeofwatercontaminantsinordertoreducewidearrayofinstruments requiredcurrentlyforthepurposesofqualitymonitoring. Inordertosupportthecurrentrequirementsofthewaterindustrytopreserveourlim- itedfreshwatersupplies,thisbookaimstopromotethediscussiononcurrenttrendsin waterqualitymonitoring,includingtopicssuchassensors,thesupportingtechnologies andalsosomeoftheissueswhichareemergingcurrentlyfromaresearchperspective. Afterapeer-reviewprocesseswehaveselected12workpresentationsthatcovervarious aspectsofwaterqualitymonitoring. The bookfocusesonthree main themes;literaturereview,examplesof technology andpracticeandsupportingtechnologies/futuretrends.ThusthebookbeginsinChap- ter1byprovidinga verygeneraloverviewofthecurrentcontaminantsofconcernfor the wastewater industry and the available sensor technologies with which these con- taminants have been detected to varying extents. Popular systems in use by industry (suchasultravioletandmassspectroscopy)arediscussedinadditiontosometechnolo- gieswhicharestillwithintheresearchdomain.ThisiscontinuedinChapter2,which discussesthedetectionofphosphatesinseawater,comparingtheavailablespectropho- tometric technologies for this purpose. The chapter then continues by discussing the futurepotentialof electrochemicaltechniques,andthisis supplementedbyChapter3 whichdescribesfluorescenceandphosphorescencechemicalsensorsappliedto water samples.Chapter4,writtenbygroupinSpainwellknownfortheworkin theareaof voltammetricelectronictongues,discussestheprincipleandapplicationofthistechnol- ogyinthecaseofwatercontaminationanalysis.Finallyfortheliteraturereviewsection, Chapter5discussestheautomationofwateranalysissystemswithafocusparticularly onSequentialInjectionAnalysis. Whileitisinterestingtohaveagoodbackgroundoftheavailabletechnologiesand howdevicesoperateorperform,manyalsofinditinterestingtoseetheimplementation or results of practical use of such systems. From such examples we gain experience ofthechallengesfacedwhendeployingsensorsystems,andtrulygetafeelingforthe current state of technology. Thus, the next section of the book focuses on this area, beginningwithChapter6,whichdiscussesanopticalsystemfrominitialdesigntoin- dustrial prototypeand shares real-worldresults and associated experiences,including aspectssuchasbiofoulingwhichisapressingconcernformanylong-termsensorsys- tems in aquatic environments. Chapter 7 describes and critically analyses the results ofa surveyinGuyana,wherea numberofsites weretested usinganultravioletspec- troscopymethodtodetermineiftheirnitratecontaminationlevelswerewithinaccept- ablelimits.Chapters8and9presenttheuseofelectromagneticandmicrowavesensor devices respectively for water monitoring and analysis, offering an alternative to the almost standardoptical methodswhich have seen reasonablywidespread commercial adoption in recent years. This section is then roundedoff with work from a group in China,whohavebeenlookingatwatermonitoringinanalternativesensetotheother workspresentedinthisbook;i.e.consideringthequalityofwaterinfishfarming. Editorial VII Thefinalsectionofthisbookisintendedtoofferaglimpseintothefutureofwater monitoringandqualitysystems.Chapter11looksathowInformationandCommunica- tionTechnology(ICT)isorcanassistinthewaterindustrytobecomemoreresponsive tocontaminationoccurrence.Whilethischapterisnotfocusedonsensorsparticularly, we must remember that sensors themselves are not standalone devices. Instead, they require a wide range of support from ICT including data transport and storage, data evaluationandalsoappropriatepresentation.Thus,itmustberecognizedthatICThas an important role to play in the monitoring of water quality in order to ensure key objectivesaremet,includingstakeholderparticipation,pollutionandwaterqualitycon- trol,monitoringforemergencypreventionanddetection,economicandfinancialman- agement, information managementand smart water distribution. Chapter 12 takes an alternativecourse,lookingnotatsensorsorsensorsystems,butratheratemergingcon- taminants. While this book is dominantly focused on sensors and is intended to help promotediscussionregardingthetechnology,itisimportantthatweremainfocusedon the challengesfaced in the realworld;the currentones,and the oneswe are likely to face more and more in the future. Hence, Chapter 12 providesa timely and welcome conclusiontothisbookbyhelpingusestablishalsothetypesofcontaminantsweneed tobedetectinginthefuture. This book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the field of water quality monitoring,and is positionedto givean overviewto the state of this disciplinein relation to the sensorsavailableandenvisagedforthe future,in addition totheissues facedin theirimplementationandthediverserangeofcontaminantsthat theymustbeabletodetect. Wewouldliketoexpressourappreciationtoourdistinguishedauthorsofthechap- terswhoseexpertiseandprofessionalismhascertainlycontributedsignificantlytothis book. AlexMason,GuestEditor BuiltEnvironmentandSustainableTechnologiesResearchInstitute SchoolofBuiltEnvironment LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity Liverpool UnitedKingdom [email protected] SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay,GuestEditor SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT) MasseyUniversity(ManawatuCampus) PalmerstonNorth NewZealand [email protected] VIII Editorial Dr.AlexMasongraduatedfromtheUniversityofLiv- erpool, UK, with a first class honors degree in Com- puterandMultimediaSystems,afterwhichhewentonto completea PhD in Wireless Sensor Networksand their Industrial Applications at Liverpool John Moores Uni- versity(LJMU),UK.UponcompletinghisPhDin2008, heconcentratedfor2yearssolelyonresearch,working on aspects of non-invasive and non-destructive sensing forthehealthcare,automotiveanddefensesectors. Since2010,Dr.MasonhasheldapositionasaSeniorLecturerwithintheSchoolof Built Environmentat LJMU and hascontinuedresearchin healthcareand defense,in additiontonewareassuchaswaterqualitymonitoring.Sincebecomingmoreinvolved inBuiltEnvironmentissues,hehasalsodevelopedaninterestinStructuralHealthMon- itoringandiscurrentlyworkingcloselywiththeUKDefenseScienceandTechnology Laboratoriesinthisfield. Dr Mason is responsible for supervising a numberof PhD students in the areas of sensing and renewable energy technologies, has coauthored over 90 publications (in- cluding4 patents),has helpedto organizenationaland internationalconferences,and giveanumberofinvitedtalksonhiswork.HeisalsoanactivememberoftheIETin theUK. Dr.SubhasChandraMukhopadhyaygraduatedfrom the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University,Calcutta, Indiain1987with a Goldmedal and received the Master of ElectricalEngineeringde- gree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, In- dia in 1989.He obtainedthe PhD (Eng.) degreefrom Jadavpur University,India in 1994 and Doctor of En- gineeringdegree from Kanazawa University,Japan in 2000. Currently, he is working as a Professor of Sens- ing Technology with the School of Engineering and AdvancedTechnology,MasseyUniversity,Palmerston North, New Zealand. His fields of interest include SmartSensorsandSensingTechnology,WirelessSen- sorsNetwork,Electromagnetics,control,electricalmachinesandnumericalfieldcalcu- lationetc. Hehasauthored/co-authoredover270papersindifferentinternationaljournalsand conferences,editednineconferenceproceedings.Hehasalsoeditedtenspecialissues ofinternationaljournalsandtwelvebookswithSpringer-Verlagasguesteditor. He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of IET (UK), an associate editor of IEEE Sen- sorsjournalandIEEETransactionsonInstrumentationandMeasurements.Heisalsoa TechnicalEditorofIEEETransactionsonMechatronics.HeisaDistinguishedLecturer ofIEEESensorscouncil.Heisintheeditorialboardofmanyinternationaljournals.He has organized many international conferences either as a General Chair or Technical programmechair. Contents MonitoringPollutantsinWastewater:TraditionalLabBasedversus ModernReal-TimeApproaches...................................... 1 O.Korostynska,A.Mason,A.I.Al-Shamma’a InSituPhosphateMonitoringinSeawater:TodayandTomorrow......... 25 J.Jon´ca,M.Comtat,V.Garc¸on FluorescenceandPhosphorescenceChemicalSensorsAppliedtoWater Samples ......................................................... 45 G.A.Iban˜ez,G.M.Escandar Monitoring WastewaterTreatment Using Voltammetric Electronic Tongues ......................................................... 65 J.Soto,I.Campos,R.Mart´ınez-Ma´n˜ez AutomaticWaterandWastewaterQualityMonitoringSystems........... 105 V.Cerda`,J.Avivar,L.Ferrer,L.O.Leal DevelopmentandDeploymentof a Microfluidic PlatformforWater QualityMonitoring................................................ 125 J.Cleary,D.Maher,D.Diamond NitrateAnionSensors:TheirApplicationsandaCaseStudyofTheir StatusinWasteWaterfromSelectedAreasofCoastalGuyanaviaa SpectrophotometricMethod ........................................ 149 R.C.Jagessar The Selection of Novel Planar Electromagnetic Sensors for the ApplicationofNitrateContaminationDetection........................ 171 M.A. Md. Yunus, S.C. Mukhopadhyay,M.S.A. Rahman, N.S. Zahidin, S.Ibrahim MicrowaveSensorsforReal-TimeNutrientsDetectioninWater .......... 197 A.Mason,O.Korostynska,A.I.Al-Shamma’a X Contents RemoteMonitoringofWaterQualityforIntensiveFishCulture .......... 217 D.Li,S.Liu ICTasanEnablertoSmartWaterManagement ....................... 239 V.Sempere-Paya´,D.Todol´ı-Ferrandis,S.Santonja-Climent EmergingOrganicContaminantsinGroundwater...................... 259 MarianneStuart,DanLapworth AuthorIndex ........................................................ 285
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