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SMART POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering SMART POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES Biomedical and Environmental Applications Edited by SHOWKAT AHMAD BHAWANI Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Malaysia ANISH KHAN Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Center of ExcellenceforAdvancedMaterialsResearch,KingAbdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia MOHAMMAD JAWAID Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia An imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2021ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-819961-9(print) ISBN:978-0-12-820435-1(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteRowley ProductionProjectManager:SuryaNarayanan Jayachandran CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contributors M.K.AbdulRahim UniversityofTechnologyandAppliedSciences,Muscat,Oman SadafAfrin InstituteofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,SouthUralStateUniversity,Chelyabinsk,Russia;MoRe ResearchO€rnsko€ldsvikAB,O€rnsko€ldsvik,Sweden NayeemAhmed DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India HananAlBuflasa DepartmentofPhysics,CollegeofScience,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain BasmaAl-Najar DepartmentofPhysics,CollegeofScience,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain KhalidM.Alotaibi DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,KingdomofSaudiArabia MohdRazipAsaruddin FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan, Sarawak,Malaysia YasserAzim DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,Z.H.CollegeofEngineering&Technology,AligarhMuslimUniversity, Aligarh,India KrithikaBalakrishnan LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India FawziBanat DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates A.H.Bhat UniversityofTechnologyandAppliedSciences,Muscat,Oman MushtaqBhat(Ahmad) IslamicUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Awantipora,India ShowkatAhmadBhawani FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan, Sarawak,Malaysia DebarupaDuttaChakraborty DepartmentofPharmaceuticalAnalysis,HimalayanPharmacyInstitute,Majitar,Sikkim,India PrithvirajChakraborty DepartmentofPharmaceutics,HimalayanPharmacyInstitute,Majitar,Sikkim,India B.T.Darsini LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India xi xii Contributors SwapnilDharaskar Nano-ResearchGroup,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofTechnology,PanditDeendayal PetroleumUniversity,Gandhinagar,Gujarat,India SabaFarooq FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia SanaFarooq DepartmentofBiotechnology,LahoreCollegeforWomenUniversity,Lahore,Pakistan ChinSukFun FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia U.Gazal RajaBahadurVenkataRamaReddyWomen’sCollege,Hyderabad,India BharathGovindan DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates EvaGupta DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India AbdulHai DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates Haryanto ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversitasMuhammadiyahPurwokerto,Purwokerto,Indonesia AwangAhmadSallehinAwangHusaini FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia NandJeeKanu DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S.V.NationalInstituteofTechnology,Surat,India ZohebKarim InstituteofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,SouthUralStateUniversity,Chelyabinsk,Russia ImranKhan SultanQaboosUniversity,Muscat,Oman MohammadMansoobKhan ChemicalSciences,FacultyofScience,UniversitiBruneiDarussalam,Gadong,BruneiDarussalam AbdulMoheman DepartmentofChemistry,GandhiFaiz-e-AamCollege(AffiliatedtoM.J.P.RohilkhandUniversity), Shahjahanpur,India Mu.Naushad DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia;YonseiFrontier Lab,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea ZainabNgaini FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia MehvishNisar FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan, Sarawak,Malaysia Contributors xiii TabassumParveen DepartmentofBotany,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh;DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering, IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,India K.Rambabu DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates MohdRashid SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia HairulAzmanRoslan FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia MuhammadTaqi-uddeenSafian SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia HoWeiSeng FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia JatinSethi KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,Sweden AabidShalla(Hussain) IslamicUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Awantipora,India NgiengNguiSing FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia GyanendraKumarSingh DepartmentofMechanicalDesignandManufacturingEngineering,AdamaScienceandTechnology University,Adama,Ethiopia N.Sivarajasekar LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India ApsaraSudhakar LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India AbuTariq DepartmentofChemistry,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India KhalidUmar SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia UmeshKumarVates DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India MickyVincent FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak, Malaysia AsimAliYaqoob SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia Preface Smart polymers are capable of undergoing rapid change, reversible phase transition from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic microstructure when trig- gered by a small change in their environment such as temperature, pH or ionic strength, light, magnetic or electric field, etc. The living systems respond to external stimuli and adapt themselves to changing conditions. In this context, polymer scientists have been trying to mimic this behavior for the last two decades to make smart polymers. Smart polymers have shown promising applications in various fields such as delivery systems for drugs, tissue engineering scaffolds, cell culture sports, bioseparation, and sensors or actuator systems. The present book is a collection of valuable reference materials for researchersworkinginthefieldsofmaterialsscience,biomaterials,regener- ative medicines, drug delivery, polymer science/chemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and in the polymer industry. This book willbeusefulforscientistsworkingonbioseparationandbioprocessing.This willbeveryhelpfulforthestudentsinthedevelopmentofnewpolymersas well as graduates in polymer technology, environmental science, and biotechnology. This book covers topics such as Introduction, Processing and Proper- ties,Manufacturinganddesignofsmartpolymercomposites,Shapemem- ory polymer composites, Smart polymer hydrogels, Smart biopolymers, Enzyme-responsive polymer composites and its applications, Biomedical applications of smart polymer composites, Smart polymer composites for tissue engineering, Nanomedicine, bioseparation, drug delivery, environmentalapplications,membranesforwastewatertreatments,textile and plastics, wood protection, protection of corrosion, and antifouling application. Wearehighlythankfultoalltheauthorswhocontributedbookchapters and provided their valuable ideas and knowledge on Smart Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical and Environmental Applications in this edited book. We have made an attempt to gather all this information from recognized researchers from Malaysia, India, Morocco, Bangladesh, Italy, and Egypt in the areas of smart polymer nanocomposites and finally xv xvi Preface complete this venture in a fruitful way. We greatly appreciate the authors’ commitment to their support to compile our ideas in reality. We are highly thankful to the Elsevier team for their generous cooper- ation at every stage of the book’s production. Showkat Ahmad Bhawani Anish Khan Mohammad Jawaid CHAPTER ONE Introduction of smart polymer nanocomposites Asim Ali Yaqooba, Muhammad Taqi-uddeen Safiana, Mohd Rashida, Tabassum Parveenb,c, Khalid Umara, and Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahima aSchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia bDepartmentofBotany,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India cDepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,India 1.1 Introduction Smart materials are usually projected as those materials that have the ability to change the performance or properties by changing the environmental stimulus. Therefore, these types of materials are usually sensitive totheirenvironmentalparameterssuchaspH,lightintensity,temperature, magnetic field, pressure, electrical field, etc. The exterior stimulus of these materialsshowsseveralresponsessuchascolorvariation,alteringconductiv- ity,cumulativedielectricconstant,andbetterself-healingquality[1].Smart polymernanocompositesattractagreatdealofattentioninthemodernera due to their high-performance properties in several types of applications. However, the polymer is a large molecular weight compound, which is composed of repeated monomeric units. It has become a great material of concern to researchers for several centuries [2]. The most commonly used natural polymers are rubber and wood. These are broadly used in natural polymeric materials but their consistent property and essential structure limitstheirextensiveapplicationsinup-to-dateindustries.However,scien- tistsbegantouseseveraltypesofmodificationmethodstochangethenatural polymersintomorevaluablematerials.Forexample,thenitrocellulosesyn- thesisapproachbythechemicalreactionofcelluloseandnitricacidformed vulcanized rubber by the thermal approach under sulfur atmosphere [3]. These kinds of improved natural polymers are broadly used commercially eveninthepresenttime.However,improvednaturalpolymersarenotsuf- ficientascomparedwithmoderndemands.Therefore,thematerialsscience hasboughtasimulatedrevolutionthroughtheinitiationofsynthetic-based polymers. In polymer industries the functional typed polymers and smart SmartPolymerNanocomposites ©2021ElsevierLtd. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819961-9.00007-4 Allrightsreserved. 2 AsimAliYaqoobetal. polymer have been widely studied in the 20th century [4, 5]. The idea of smart polymer composites offers several innovative applications beyond the conventional polymers. The most frequently used smart polymers are electroactive polymers (EAPs), remendable polymers, and ferroelectric polymers.TheEAPsareacollectionofsmartpolymericmaterials,thesize, shape,andmorphologyofwhicharemodifiedundertheeffectofanelectric field. Remendable polymers are also called healable polymers as they are a type of smart polymers that can recapture their damage through external stimulus such as heating stimuli or self-healing [6]. Similarly, ferroelectric polymers sustain an everlasting electric polarization that can be overturned or transferred by an electric field. Polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDFs) are extensivelyusedinelectromechanicalandacoustictransducersduetotheir properties such as intrinsic piezoelectric feedback and thermal sensing [7]. Overall,theirbenefitsoriginatefromcompositematerialsandfromthesig- nificant progress made of smart polymeric materials. However, another important aspect is nanotechnology which is widely familiar to be most capablezonesforscientificdevelopment.Itgenerallyreferstotheoperating matteratthemolecularlevelandutilizingthestructuresandmaterialswith nanosizemeasurement;mostlytherangeisfrom1to100nm.Particlesinthe nanosize range demonstrate exclusive physiochemical properties like great surface area to volume ratios or higher interfacial reactivity. The high performance of nanorange particles has been studied to show precise interface withpollutantsingases,soil,andwater.Thehigh-performancepropertiesof nanoparticles offer a hope for stimulating innovative and enhanced environment-based technology. The smart polymer nanocomposites are included as elastomers, thermosets, and thermoplastics that have been strengthened with nano measurements of nanosized particles with higher aspect ratios [8]. Furthermore, polymeric nanocomposites can be categorized into three mainformssuchasintercalated,flocculated,andexfoliatednanocomposites. In the case of intercalated nanocomposites, polymer chains are introduced into covered structures like clay. Clay presents itself in a crystallographic steadyform,withsomenanometerreplicationdistance,unrelatedlyofpoly- mericratioofcoatedstructure.However,theflocculationofintroducedand weighted layers to roughly extent is carried out due to the edge-edge hydroxylated interactions in the clay layers. Similarly, in exfoliated nanocompositespartingofthedistinctlayersinthepolymericmediumpre- sentinanothertypebyregularreservesthatrelyonthestackingofthecoated material, e.g., clay. Polymeric nanocomposite materials that carry higher