Smart Plant Factory: The Next Generation Indoor Vertical Farms PDF
Preview Smart Plant Factory: The Next Generation Indoor Vertical Farms
Toyoki Kozai Editor Smart Plant Factory The Next Generation Indoor Vertical Farms Smart Plant Factory Toyoki Kozai Editor Smart Plant Factory The Next Generation Indoor Vertical Farms Editor ToyokiKozai JapanPlantFactoryAssociation(NPO) Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan ISBN978-981-13-1064-5 ISBN978-981-13-1065-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1065-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018956169 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Acknowledgements TheeditorwouldliketothankMs.TokukoTakanoforhereditorialassistanceand dedication. Thanks are also extended to Professors T. Maruo, M. Takagaki, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Shinohara, and S. Tsukagoshi of Chiba University for their academicguidance,andtoMs.MarikoAndoandotheradministrativestaffmembers ofJapanPlantFactoryAssociation(nonprofitorganization).Wealsoappreciatethe guidanceandassistanceprovidedbyDr.MeiHannLee,Ms.MomokoAsawa,and Mr.VinothKuppanofSpringerandMs.SudantraDeviofSPi. v Contents PartI CharacteristicsofCurrentPlantFactoriesandNextGeneration PlantFactory 1 CurrentStatusofPlantFactorieswithArtificialLighting(PFALs) andSmartPFALs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ToyokiKozai 2 PlantFactorieswithArtificialLighting(PFALs):Benefits, Problems,andChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ToyokiKozai 3 Protocols,IssuesandPotentialImprovementsofCurrent CultivationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 NaLuandShigeharuShimamura 4 DesignandControlofSmartPlantFactory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 YoshihiroNakabo 5 DesigningaCultivationSystemModule(CSM)Considering theCostPerformance:AStepTowardSmartPFALs. . . . . . . . . . . 57 ToyokiKozai PartII RecentOutcomesinDevelopmentandBusiness 6 BusinessPlanningonEfficiency,Productivity, andProfitability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 KazUraisami 7 RenewableEnergyMakesPlantFactory“Smart”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 KazUraisami 8 TotalIndoorFarmingConceptsforLarge-ScaleProduction. . . . . . 125 MarcKreuger,LianneMeeuws,andGertjanMeeuws vii viii Contents 9 SAIBAIX:ProductionProcessManagementSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ShunsukeSakaguchi 10 AirDistributionandItsUniformity. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 153 YingZhangandMuratKacira PartIII Re-considerationsofPhotosynthesis,LEDs,Units andTerminology 11 ReconsideringtheFundamentalCharacteristics ofPhotosynthesisandLEDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 ToyokiKozaiandMasayukiNozue 12 ReconsideringtheTerminologyandUnitsforLight andNutrientSolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ToyokiKozai,SatoruTsukagoshi,andShunsukeSakaguchi PartIV AdvancesinResearchonLEDLighting 13 UsefulnessofBroad-SpectrumWhiteLEDstoEnvision FuturePlantFactory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 HatsumiNozueandMasaoGomi 14 LEDLightingTechniquetoControlPlantGrowth andMorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 TomohiroJishi 15 TheQualityandQualityShiftingoftheNightInterruption LightAffecttheMorphogenesisandFlowering inFloriculturalPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 YooGyeongParkandByoungRyongJeong PartV AdvancedTechnologiestoBeImplemented intheSmartPlantFactory 16 MechanizationofAgricultureConsideringItsBusinessmodel. . . . 241 TamioTanikawa 17 QuantifyingtheEnvironmentalandEnergyBenefits ofFoodGrowthintheUrbanEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 RebeccaWard,MelanieJans-Singh,andRuchiChoudhary 18 ApplicationsforBreedingandHigh-WireTomatoProduction inPlantFactory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 MarcKreuger,LianneMeeuws,andGertjanMeeuws 19 MolecularBreedingforPlantFactory:Strategiesand Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 RichalynnLeongandDaisukeUrano Contents ix 20 ProductionofValue-AddedPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 ShokoHikosaka 21 ChemicalInquiryintoHerbalMedicinesandFoodAdditives. . . . . 353 NatsukoKagawa 22 DetectionandUtilizationofBiologicalRhythms inPlantFactories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 HirokazuFukuda,YusukeTanigaki,andShogoMoriyuki 23 AutomatedCharacterizationofPlantGrowthandFlowering DynamicsUsingRGBImages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 WeiGuo 24 TowardNutrientSolutionCompositionControl inHydroponicSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 ToyokiKozai,SatoruTsukagoshi,andShunsukeSakaguchi 25 Phenotyping-andAI-BasedEnvironmentalControl andBreedingforPFAL. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 EriHayashiandToyokiKozai 26 PlantCohortResearchandItsApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 ToyokiKozai,NaLu,RikuoHasegawa,OsamuNunomura, TomomiNozaki,YumikoAmagai,andEriHayashi 27 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 ToyokiKozai Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Part I Characteristics of Current Plant Factories and Next Generation Plant Factory Chapter 1 Current Status of Plant Factories fi with Arti cial Lighting (PFALs) and Smart PFALs ToyokiKozai Abstract The necessity of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) is discussedinrelationtothefood,resource,andenvironmenttrilemma.Thedefinition and main components of the PFAL are described. The number of PFALs in the world,theproductioncostandwholesalepriceoftheproduce,andtheplantssuited toPFALsarebrieflyintroduced.Themainobjectivesofthisbookaredescribed,and theimageandexpectedultimatefunctionsofthesmartPFALarediscussed. Keywords Globaltechnology·Localtechnology·PFAL(plantfactorywith artificiallighting)·SmartPFAL·Trilemma 1.1 Introduction: Food, Resource, and Environment Trilemma 1.1.1 Contribution of Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) to Solving the Trilemma We are facing a trilemma in which there are three almost equally undesirable alternatives:(1)shortageand/orunstable supplyoffood,(2) shortage ofresources, and(3)degradationoftheenvironment(Fig.1.1).Thistrilemmaisoccurringatthe globalaswellaslocalandnationallevelamidanincreasingurbanpopulationanda decreasingand/oragingagriculturalpopulation. The resource shortage includes arable land area, water for irrigation, fertilizers, fossilfuel, andfarmers/growers.Theenvironmentaldegradationincludespollution ofsoil,atmosphere,andwater,accumulationofsaltonthesoilsurface,desertifica- tion, and recent climate change causing droughts, high/low air temperatures, high/ lowsolarradiation,heavyrain,flooding,strongwind,andspreadofpestinsects,all ofwhichresultinunstablemarketpricesforvegetables. T.Kozai(*) JapanPlantFactoryAssociation(NPO),Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 3 T.Kozai(ed.),SmartPlantFactory,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1065-2_1
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