Smart Microgrids: From Design to Laboratory-Scale Implementation PDF
Preview Smart Microgrids: From Design to Laboratory-Scale Implementation
Shahab Bahrami · Ali Mohammadi Editors Smart Microgrids From Design to Laboratory-Scale Implementation Smart Microgrids Shahab Bahrami • Ali Mohammadi Editors Smart Microgrids From Design to Laboratory-Scale Implementation 123 Editors ShahabBahrami AliMohammadi UniversityofBritishColumbia DepartmentofElectricalandComputer Vancouver,BC,Canada Engineering LouisianaStateUniversity BatonRouge,LA,USA ISBN978-3-030-02655-4 ISBN978-3-030-02656-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018965423 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface This book paves the way for researchers working on the smart microgrids spread over the fields of electrical engineering, power systems, and smart infrastructures. Furthermore,itprovidesthereaderswithacomprehensiveinsighttounderstandan in-depth big picture of smart microgrids as well as an all-inclusive framework for laboratory-scaleimplementationofamicrogrid. It is suitable for senior undergraduate students, graduate students who are interestedinresearchinareasrelatedtofuturesmartgridsandmicrogrids,andthe researchersworkingintherelatedareas.Thisbookalsocanbeusedasareference book for researchers who want to develop laboratories on smart microgrids for futureresearch. Here are the unique aspects of this book, which address the smart microgrids frombothdesignandimplementationperspectives: The book specifies the importance and position of the microgrids in the future powersystems. – Thisbookprovidesacomprehensiveinvestigationofrecentlydevelopedcontrol, management,andoptimizationmethodsformicrogrids. – The book provides basics and mathematical foundations needed to analyze and simulatemicrogrids. – This book also can be used as a reference book for related courses in electrical andcomputerengineering. Vancouver,BC,Canada ShahabBahrami BatonRouge,LA,USA AliMohammadi v Contents AnOverviewofFutureMicrogrids ............................................ 1 AliMohammadiandShahabBahrami Laboratory-Scale Microgrid System for Control of Power DistributioninLocalEnergyNetworks–PartI:TheoryandDesign...... 7 RaselMahmudandArashNejadpak Laboratory-Scale Microgrid System for Control of Power DistributioninLocalEnergyNetworks–PartII:Implementation andCaseStudy................................................................... 29 RaselMahmudandArashNejadpak AHierarchicalApproachBasedontheFrank–WolfeAlgorithm andDantzig–WolfeDecompositionforSolvingLargeEconomic DispatchProblemsinSmartGrids............................................. 41 JianyiZhang,M.HadiAmini,andPaulWeng AComprehensiveStudyofGameTheoryApplicationsforSmart Grids,DemandsideManagementProgramsandTransportation Networks.......................................................................... 57 AliMohammadiandSanazRabinia Micro-Small-Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Design andPerformanceAnalysisforMicro-GridsApplications................... 65 AdelEl-Shahat,MehediHasan,andAlmoatazY.Abdelaziz ADistributedCoordinationFrameworkforSmartMicrogrids............ 119 IrfanKhan,YiheZhang,HengyuXue,andMashoodNasir Index............................................................................... 137 vii About the Editors ShahabBahrami receivedhisBScandMAScbothinelectricalengineeringfrom Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2010 and 2012, respectively. He received the PhD in electrical and computer engineering from the University of BritishColumbia(UBC),Vancouver,BC,Canada,in2017.Dr.Bahramicontinued to work as a postdoctoral research fellow at UBC until January 2018. He has received Sharif University’s Exceptional Talents Scholarship Award in 2010 and various prestigious scholarships at UBC, including the distinguished and highly competitive UBC’s Four-Year Fellowship (2013–2017), which is open to all local and international graduate students at UBC, as well as the Graduate Support Initiative Award from the Faculty of Applied Science at UBC (2014–2017). Dr. BahramialsoreceivedaBestPaperAwardattheIEEEPacificRimConferenceon Communications,ComputersandSignalProcessing(PACRIM2015).Dr.Bahrami iscurrentlyaTechnicalProgramCommittee(TPC)memberofIEEEInternational Conference of Communications (ICC 2018) and IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST 2019). He is also a reviewer of various journals and conferences, including the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, and IEEE SmartGridComm. He has publishedmorethan40refereedjournalandconferencepapersinthesmartenergy systems-related areas. His research interests include smart microgrids, power flow analysis, demand side management, game theory, optimization, and algorithm designwithapplicationstosmartgrid. AliMohammadi received his BS in electrical engineering (telecommunication) from Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran, 2012, and his MS in electrical engineering (telecommunication) from Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz,Iran,2014.HeiscurrentlypursuinghisPhDintheDepartmentofElectrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, LA, USA. His research interests include smart grids, power system optimization, machine learning, game theory,andgraphtheory. ix An Overview of Future Microgrids AliMohammadiandShahabBahrami An Introduction to smart microgrids and their role in future power systems is provided in this chapter. In the following, we provide the abstract of all chapters ofthisbookaswellassomeadditionalstudiesforfurtherdetails. 1 OverviewofChapter “Laboratory-ScaleSmartMicrogrid SystemforControlofPowerDistributionin LocalEnergy Networks” One of the promising solutions to achieve sustainable energy systems in future smart cities is to deploy microgrids in local energy networks. Due to the decen- tralizednatureofmicrogrids,large-scaleutilizationoftheseresourceswillincrease the reliability of the energy systems and facilitate the integration of renewable energyresourcestoenablemoreenvironmentally-friendlyenergynetworks.Chapter “Laboratory-Scale Smart Microgrid System for Control of Power Distribution in Local Energy Networks” presents development of a highly reconfigurable, laboratory–scale microgrid testbed. The proposed microgrid system integrates several distributed generation (DG) units representing photovoltaic panel, wind turbine, and battery energy storage. The schematic of the proposed system can be customizedtoinvestigatenumerousgridarchitecturesandcontrolscenarios.Inthis A.Mohammadi((cid:2)) DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge, LA,USA e-mail:[email protected] S.Bahrami UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1 S.Bahrami,A.Mohammadi(eds.),SmartMicrogrids, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02656-1_1 2 A.MohammadiandS.Bahrami study, the loads and energy resource allocation are realized by assessment of the loads and resources priority.Therefore, a hierarchical procedure willtake place to allocatethepowertodifferentbuseswithinamicrogrid.Also,theauthorsdescribe thetest-bedimplementationofthedesignedmicrogrid.Formoredetailsonthistopic pleaserefertothefollowingstudies[1–5]. 2 OverviewofChapter “Laboratory-ScaleMicrogridSystem forControlofPowerDistributioninLocalEnergy Networks” In chapter “Laboratory-Scale Microgrid System for Control of Power Distribution in Local Energy Networks”, the authors provide the detailed implementation of their proposed microgrid framework. As a case study, a droop-based load sharing algorithm with the capability of controlling the active and reactive powers have been implemented. Several load sharing scenarios have been studied to verify the capabilityofthesuggestedprototypeinperformanceevaluationandverificationof differentcontrolstrategiesformicrogrids.Theperformedexperimentsconfirmthe capacity of the proposed structure in microgrid research and development (R&D), as well as education. For more details on this topic please refer to the following studies[6–10]. 3 OverviewofChapter “AHierarchicalApproachBased onthe Frank-WolfeAlgorithmand Dantzig-Wolfe DecompositionforSolvingLarge-ScaleEconomicDispatch ProblemsinSmartGrids” Chapter “A Hierarchical Approach Based on the Frank-Wolfe Algorithm and Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition for Solving Large-Scale Economic Dispatch Prob- lems in Smart Grids” presents a decomposition method to solve the economic dispatchproblemforaclusterofmicrogrids. Theeconomicdispatchproblemaimsatdeterminingboththepowergeneration and demand levels of each microgrid under boundary and power flow constraints inordertominimizeanon-linearconvexeconomiccost,whichisexpressedasthe combinationofgenerationcostsanddemandutilities. Directly solving large economic dispatch problems is difficult because of the non-linearityoftheobjectivefunction,memorylimitationsandprivacyissues.The authors propose a decomposition method based on a combination of the Frank- Wolfe algorithm to tackle the non-linearity and the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition tosolvetheabove-mentionedtwoissues.Formoredetailsonthistopicpleaserefer tothefollowingstudies[11–15]. AnOverviewofFutureMicrogrids 3 4 “AComprehensiveStudy ofGameTheoryApplications forSmartGrids, DemandSide ManagementPrograms, andTransportationNetworks” Game theory is a powerful analytical tool for modeling decision makers strate- gies, behaviors and interactions. A decision maker and decisions can benefit or negatively impact other decision makers interests. Game theory has been broadly used in economics, politics and engineering field. For example, game theory can model decision making procedure of different companies competing with each other to maximize their profit. Chapter “A Comprehensive Study of Game Theory Applications for Smart Grids, Demand Side Management Programs, and Transportation Networks” presents a brief introduction to game theory and its applications. The focus of this chapter is noncooperative Stackelberg game model and its applications in solving power system related problems. These applications include but not limited to; expanding transmission network, improving power systemreliability,containingmarketpowerintheelectricitymarkets,solvingpower system dispatch, executing demand response and allocating resources in wireless networks.Finally,thischapterelaboratesonsolvingagametheoryproblemthrough an example. For more details on this topic please refer to the following studies [16–20]. 5 OverviewofChapter “Micro-Small-ScaleHorizontalAxis Wind Turbine DesignandPerformanceAnalysisfor Micro-GridsApplications” Wind energy has become one of the world’s popular growing renewable energy sources for electricity generation. In order to spread this technology to mankind, itisnecessarytodevelop turbinesinawaythatpeoplecanuseitindividuallyand comfortably. Although significant progress has been achieved in the wind turbine technology, there is still scope to reduce the cost and improve the performance of small-scale wind turbines. Moreover, low wind velocity should also be utilized properlytoachievesaturatedenergyproduction.Small-scalewindenergysystems suchasSmallScaleHorizontalAxisWindTurbines(SSHAWT)canprovideaclean, prospectiveandviableoptionforenergysupply.Moreover,thisenergysystemcan alsobeutilizedasoneofthereliablepowersourcesformicrogrids.Thefirstpartof the current study focuses on the aerodynamic design and performance analysis of small-scalehorizontalaxiswindturbinebladeusingthebladeelementmomentum (BEM)methodwiththemostupdatedandcorrectedmodel.Inthiscase,theblade is designed with a single airfoil. Results show that the maximum coefficient of performance is 0.446 at the tip speed ratio 6.5 which is very good indication in preliminary stage power prediction. The second part of the study concentrates on
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