Smart materials for advanced environmental applications PDF
Preview Smart materials for advanced environmental applications
Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications RSC Smart Materials Series Editors: Professor Hans-Jörg Schneider, Saarland University, Germany Professor Mohsen Shahinpoor, University of Maine, USA Titles in this Series: 1: Janus Particle Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications 2: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 1 3: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 2 4: Materials Design Inspired by Nature 5: R esponsive Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials 6: Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications 7: F unctional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 8: M echanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and Applications 9: Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells 10: Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology 11: S emiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to Sus- tainable Energy 12: Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics 13: Photocured Materials 14: C hemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals 15: Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials 16: B io-Synthetic Hybrid Materials and Bionanoparticles: A Biological Chemical Approach Towards Material Science 17: I onic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artifcial Muscles Volume 1 18: I onic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artifcial Muscles Volume 2 19: Conducting Polymers: Bioinspired Intelligent Materials and Devices 20: Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. For further information please contact: Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247 Email: Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications Edited by Peng Wang King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Email: RSC Smart Materials No. 20 Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-108-9 PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-219-2 EPUB eISBN: 978-1-78262-820-0 ISSN: 2046-0066 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work. The authors have sought to locate owners of all reproduced material not in their own possession and trust that no copyrights have been inadvertently infringed. Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK Preface Water pollution and water scarcity are among the most severe grand envi- ronmental challenges facing mankind nowadays. With rapid population growth, steadily improving living standards, fast industrialization and mod- ernization of the developing countries, these challenges will persist, if not worsen, in the years to come. Conventional water treatment technologies, including adsorption, chemical treatment, membrane-based fltration, bio- logical treatment, etc., with no doubt have made critical contributions in sustaining human society in the past century. However, the ever-increasing demand for safe and clean water by the ever-growing human population has gradually pushed these conventional technologies to their limits over the past 100 years or so. Therefore, it is now a popular perception that the solu- tions to existing and future environmental problems highly hinge on further developments in materials science. The concept of smart materials, since its inception in 1990s, has extended its presence in a variety of applications and has led to development of many new technologies. Smart materials are conventionally defned as materials that are designed to have one or more properties which can be signifcantly changed in a controlled fashion in response to external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric felds or magnetic felds. Piezo- electric materials and shape-memory materials were the early types of smart materials. However, in essence, the response mechanism of all smart materi- als lies in the change in molecular movement in response to external stimuli, which then brings about the macroscopic property change of the materials. Following this line of thought, the origin of all smart materials is biomim- icry as nature is the ultimate builder of machines. Thus, smart materials can also be generically defned as materials which are astute or “operating as if by intelligence”, and the term “smart materials” can thus be used broadly RSC Smart Materials No. 20 Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications Edited by Peng Wang © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org v � Preface ec� aff� acec� r� efar� c� er� ecrafcf� f� c� rc� r� a� r� efc� a� c� a� � rec� c� � � � r� ea� fc� ‹ a� f� a�� fc� e� ae� a� fc� a� ce� areff� � f�• c f� e� c c� r� aef� c� c� r� efar� c� f� c� f� � � c� ec� � e� f� c ef� c c•� rc� e� fa� refc� e� f� � c � �f� ae� c� rc� rr� f� c� e� c� e� c� f� cf� � cr� efar� c� a� cf� f� c� c� � f� c� a� frefcf� c� rr� ec� a� r� f� c� fe�• c� rr� ec� fr� f� c f� aa� r� f� c� rc� fr� efc ef� c f� ef� c c� ef� c r� efar� c� f�• afa� fc� ef� c f� f� f� e� c c� r� aec r� efar� c� afa� ff� e� c� ef� ce� a� fcc� r� efar� c� f� c� rc� r� a� r� ec� eŒ cc� e� crca� a� f� cer� ecr� aec r� efar� c� r� f� crc� f� ece� cc� ef� cfa� f� e� rc� f� c� � rc� r� f� c� �c� a� frec a� f� cc� c� c� e� c� �f� c� rc� f� e• �f� f� arec� e� c� ec� ef� cr� af� c fa� f� e� rc� r� f� f� c� c�Œ afea� c� ef� ce� fare� c� f� ef� fc� fa� f� e� rc� f� f� c rc� r� efar� c� f� f� c r� c� rc� a� e� fc� ef� c f� f� f� e� c c� f� c� r� aecr� efar� c� rc� rcf� af� c� c� �f� c� r� aecr� efar� c� rc� ef� a� crr� ec� c� fa� f� e� rc� rafrc� r� f� cf� fc� e� ca� r� ac� rc� fa�• f� � �f� f� ac� ec� c� c� e� c e� ff� c� ec� f� c fr�• e� f� c re� c rc� rafrc� c� r� aec r� efar� c� rr� ec� ec� rr� f� c� fa� f� e� rc� a� f� c� c�� � rƒ ef� ac� e� cf� � c� c� f� cf� f� e� fc� ec� ff� r� c� a� � fc� r� aece� fa� r� r� c� r� efar� c� c� � cŒ f� f� f� crafc�f� c� rc� a� � rer� c� ec� f� e� r� c� ec�� � � ‡c� c�� c� f� fc� ef� c ec� c� ef� c c� r� � e� fac� rafc eac�� e�� � r� � ac� � f�• c� r� c� a� c� rc� e� ae� c� ec� r� aecr� efar� c� rc� ef� a� c rr� ec� r�Ž e� facc�• r�‘ c� rc� a f� a� cPrc�’� r� aeca� rc� e� c� c� a� r� ac� c� r�Ž e� facc�† f� c� rc� a f� a� cc�’�“ f� af� eec� r� efar� c� a� cr�”� efacf� r� arec� r�Ž e� facc�• –rc� rc� a f� a� cc�’� � — aff� cr� ae� f� � e� rf� c� fc� � r�Ž e� facc�˜ c� ™ rc� a f� a� cr�… c�’� f� f� rc�� r� efar� c� r�Ž e� facc�š a f� a� cf‘ c� et al.c�’ a� � fc� c�� f� e� c� r�Ž � � efacc�Š r�‘ c� rc� a f� a� cPrc�’� r� ea� fa� � fc� f� € ac‚� f� � ›� c� a� r� f� c� r�Ž e� facc�œ a f� a� cr‘ r� � ar� c’ ec� r� f� f� c� rc� a� ee� f� c� c� f� aa� f�ž� arc� � r� ec� � c� afrc� rr� ec� r�Ž e� fac c�Ÿ r f� c� r„ f� c� rc� a f� a� cf� ¡ ac�’ f�• ce� ae� a� c� rafcrc� fe� r� � f� c� aff� raf� ac� c� rafcc� ef� a� cfrac� a� cc� r� affac� c�Œ c� c� � ef� c� rafcef� c f� c� ec� r� ec� c� ef� c f� rac� ec� f� cc� ec� ff� ac� f� c� c� r� aec r� efar� c� rc� ef� a� crr� ec� ec� fa� f� e� rc� a� f� c� � � � cŒ f� cec� c� c� a� �f� crc� a� � rec� a� cafrf� ac� c� rafce� fafe� fc� c� r� aecr� efar� c� rc� c� rafcr� r� efcreca� ef� acfa�• c� r� aecr� ef� ar� c� ec� r� f� c e� ae� c� ec� ef� c e� c� ec� a� c a� rc� fa� f� e� rc� r�� f� f� � f c� Pr� c��™ r�‡ � � c� f� ¢ ae� c� c� f�• f� crc� f• � � � r�• c� � r• c� a‡ rr� Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Lianbin Zhang and Peng Wang References 1 5 Chapter 2 Smart Materials as Forward Osmosis Draw Solutes 19 Shucheng Chen and Xianmao Lu 2.1 I ntroduction 1 9 2.2 H ydrophilic Magnetic Nanoparticles 2 4 2.3 S timuli-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles 2 9 2.3.1 I ntroduction 2 9 2.3.2 T hermo-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles 3 0 2.3.3 O ther Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles as Potential FO Draw Solutes 3 1 2.4 S mart Polyelectrolytes and Solvents 3 5 2.4.1 I ntroduction 3 5 2.4.2 T hermo-Responsive Polyelectrolytes 3 5 2.4.3 C O2 Switchable Dual Responsive Polymers 3 7 2.4.4 S witchable Polarity Solvents 3 9 2.5 S mart Hydrogels 4 0 2.5.1 I ntroduction 4 0 2.5.2 S ynthetic Methods and FO Performance 4 2 2.5.3 D ewatering Method and Performance 4 4 2.6 C onclusions and Future Perspectives 4 5 References 4 6 RSC Smart Materials No. 20 Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications Edited by Peng Wang © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii �• Contents Chapter 3 Superwetting Nanomaterials for Advanced Oil/Water Separation: From Absorbing Nanomaterials to Separation Membranes 5 1 Shoujian Gao and Jian Jin C C� s�Ce� s� � C �C C C� �C‚ C� ƒs� e� C� s� n�•� eC� � C�‚ C n� en‚ s� C� e� tn� C� �C C C� n�•Ce� nC� C�Œ t� Cn‰ � �„�C� C t� CC� n� eC� � �C C C� n�•Ce� nC� e s� n� CC� ƒs� e� C� C n� en‚ s� C� s� n�•� eC� � †�C C C� �e�CC� s� C� e‡ C�Ž� n�•�‘ˆ C� t� CC n� en‚ s� C� s� n�•� eC� � …�C C C� n�Cen‚ s� C� ‡e�„ s�„ C� s� n�•� eC� � te� Cn� e� s� CC t� Ce- nnCn� ‰’�• eC�‘�e� nC� �†C C C� s�Cn� C• s� C� n�Œ•� - C� n� en‚ s� C� C ‡e�„ s�„ C� s� n�•� eC� � �†C C C� n•Cn�‘ n�Œ• C� n� en‚ s� C� C ‡e�„ s�„ C� s� n�•� eC� � �†C C C� n�Cen‚ s� C� n� e� s� Cn� e„• s� nC� te� Cn� ‰’�• eCC n� e� s� C •…C C C� n�CC•� s� C� n• n�‘ n�Œ• C� n� en‚ s� C� C�•�- C te� Cn� e� s� Ct� Cn� ‰’�• ee-• nnC�‘�e� nC� s� C� C s� �•ˆ C� •…C C C� � Cn• es�•�€• n� C� n� en‚ s� C� e�- s� CC n� e„• s� nC� te� Cn� e� s� Ct� Cn� ‰’�• eCC s� �•ˆ C� �…C C C� s�Cn�•� en�Œ•� � C� e�“ s� Cn� en‚ s� C� C C�•�- te� Cn� e� s� Ct� Cn� ‰’�• eCC s� �•ˆ C� �”C C C� e�•�CC� s� C� n en� n•� C �”C C ontnensn� C� �”C Chapter 4 Responsive Particle-Stabilized Emulsions: Formation and Applications 9 1 Man-hin Kwok and To Ngai C C� s�Ce� s� � C �C C C� e� Cn� Cs� �•ˆ C�n•�„� eC �C C C� n�•CC�s�•�„� Ct� Cs� Cs� �•ˆ C �C C C� n�CC� n- �e� nC� ‡C�„ e� n� � � Cs� �•ˆ CC �n•�„� eC� �C C C� ƒCn� e� n� C� t� Ce� n� C� �•�C C C� s�Ce� s� C� e� n� C� �•�C C C� C�ŒCe� n� C� �•�C Refrefn ix 4.3.3 P olymeric Particles (Synthetic) and Microgel Dispersions 1 06 4.3.4 J anus Particles 1 10 4.4 R esponsiveness of Emulsions 1 12 4.4.1 T hermal Stimulation 1 12 4.4.2 p H Stimulation 1 15 4.4.3 M agnetic Stimulation 1 21 4.4.4 O ther Stimulations 1 24 4.5 A pplications 1 27 4.5.1 P harmaceutical Applications 1 27 4.5.2 P etroleum Industry 1 28 4.5.3 E xtraction 1 29 4.5.4 C atalysis 1 30 4.5.5 P ickering Emulsion Polymerization 1 32 4.6 C oncluding Remarks 1 33 Acknowledgements 1 34 References 1 34 Chapter 5 Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymeric Materials for Engineering and Environmental Applications 1 39 Lin Li, Jingsi Chen, Bin Yan, and Hongbo Zeng 5.1 I ntroduction 1 39 5.2 S elf-Healing Polymeric Materials via Reversible Bond Formation 1 40 5.2.1 S elf-Healing Polymeric Materials via Dynamic Covalent Bonding 1 40 5.2.2 S elf-Healing Polymeric Materials via Supramolecular Chemistry 1 43 5.3 M ussel-Inspired Self-Healing Polymeric Materials 1 50 5.3.1 C atechol-Mediated Interactions 1 51 5.3.2 H istidine·Metal Coordination 1 56 5.4 C ase Studies of Self-Healing Polymeric Materials for Environmental Applications 1 57 5.5 C onclusions and Outlook 1 59 Acknowledgements 1 59 References 1 59 Chapter 6 Biomimetic Materials for Efcient Atmospheric Water Collection 1 65 Lianbin Zhang and Peng Wang 6.1 I ntroduction 1 65 6.2 D esert Beetle-Inspired Surface with Patterned Wettability for Fog Collection 1 67
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