Smart Grid and NFPA Electrical Safety Codes and Standards

120 Pages·2011·1.054 MB·English

by  Lonny Simonian, Thomas Korman, Frederick W. Mowrer, David Phillips (auth.)

SpringerBriefs in Fire
Series Editor:
James A. Milke
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Lonny Simonian (cid:129) Thomas Korman
Frederick W. Mowrer (cid:129) David Phillips
Smart Grid and NFPA
Electrical Safety Codes
and Standards
Lonny Simonian Thomas Korman
California Polytechnic California Polytechnic
State University State University
San Luis Obispo, CA, USA San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
Frederick W. Mowrer David Phillips
California Polytechnic California Polytechnic
State University State University
San Luis Obispo, CA, USA San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
ISSN 2193-6595 ISSN 2193-6609 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4614-3947-9 ISBN 978-1-4614-3948-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936828
© Fire Protection Research Foundation 2011
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Preface

Under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has “primary responsibility to coor-
dinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for
information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and
systems….”1 Furthermore, NIST2 de fi nes the term “Smart Grid” as:
a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects and automatically
optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements – from the central and distributed
generator through the high-voltage transmission network and the distribution system, to
industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use
consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices.
In this context, “thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household
devices” may be considered “utilization equipment.” The NIST Smart Grid
Collaboration Site3 lists a wide range of energy management applications and
electrical service provider interactions, including:
(cid:129) On-site generation
(cid:129) Demand response
(cid:129) Electrical storage
(cid:129) Peak demand management
(cid:129) Forward power usage estimation
(cid:129) Load-shedding capability estimation
(cid:129) End load monitoring (submetering)
(cid:129) Power quality of service monitoring
(cid:129) Utilization of historical energy consumption data
(cid:129) Responsive energy control
1 R eport to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI), August 10, 2009
2 i bid
3 http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformation
Standard accessed November 14th, 2010
v
vi Preface

Fig. 1 Smart Grid Conceptual Model (ibid)
A Smart Grid Conceptual Model may be portrayed as a set of diagrams and
descriptions that are the basis of discussion of the characteristics, uses, behavior,
interfaces, requirements, and standards of the Smart Grid.4 This conceptual model,
shown in Fig. 1 , provides a context for analysis of interoperation and standards for
the development of the Smart Grid architecture.
Table 1 lists the actors and domains that are referenced in Fig. 1 .
This project focuses on the end user, or customer, in the built environment as
shown in Fig. 2 .
The implementation of the Smart Grid changes the nature of the electrical distri-
bution system in ways that have a number of different safety implications, including
personnel safety, electrical safety, and fi re safety. Because of these safety implications,
it is important that relevant safety codes and standards, such as the National Electrical
Code, stay abreast of Smart Grid developments.
Before the Smart Grid, electrical power distribution to customers was largely a
one-way process, with customers receiving electrical power generated at a bulk gen-
eration plant, which was then transmitted and distributed via the existing grid. Under
this scheme, limited instrumentation data could be transmitted from a customer to
the service provider and, in some instances, remote control could be executed.
4 R eport to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI), August 10, 2009
Preface vii
Table 1 List of Smart Grid actors and domainsa
Domainb Actorsc
Markets The operators and participants in electricity markets
Operations The managers of the movement of electricity
Service providers The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities
Bulk generation The generators of electricity in bulk quantities; may also store energy for later
distribution
Transmission The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances; may also store and
generate electricity
Distribution The distributors of electricity to and from customers; may also store and
generate electricity
Customers The end users of electricity; may also generate, store, and manage the use
of energy; traditionally, three types of customers are identi fi ed, each
with their own domain: residential (home), commercial (building/
commercial), and industrial. In addition, the end user may be an
institutional customer (such as schools and hospitals)
a ibid
b Group of actors that have a similar objective
c Devices, computer systems or software programs, and/or the organizations that own them

Fig. 2 Smart Grid customer domain (ibid)
Under the Smart Grid, electrical power generation and distribution become a
two-way process between the customer and the grid. To work effectively and safely,
the processes of power generation and distribution, as well as those of instrumenta-
tion and control, must be closely coordinated and managed.

Project Committee Members

Kathleen H. Almand Executive Director , Fire Protection Research Foundation
David Clements CEO and Executive Director , International Association of Electrical
Inspectors
Mark Earley Chief Electrical Engineer , National Fire Protection Association
Bill Galloway Assistant SFM , SC Of fi ce of the State Fire Marshal
Michael Johnston Executive Director of Standards and Safety , National Electrical
Contractors Association
Shawn Paulsen Manager of Conformity Assessment, Regulator , CSA International
Dean Prochaska National Coordinator for Smart Grid , National Institute of
Standards and Technology
Al Scolnik Vice President , National Electrical Manufacturers Association
John Thompson Director, Principal Engineers (PDE) , Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
ix