Smart Economy in Smart Cities: International Collaborative Research: Ottawa, St.Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna, Cape Town, Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New Delhi, Varanasi, Vijayawada, Kozhikode, Hong Kong

1094 Pages·2017·31.1 MB·English

by  T. M. Vinod Kumar (eds.)

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements
T.M. Vinod Kumar Editor
Smart Economy
in Smart Cities
International Collaborative Research:
Ottawa, St. Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna,
Cape Town, Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New
Delhi, Varanasi, Vijayawada, Kozhikode,
Hong Kong
Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements
Series editor
Bharat Dahiya, Bangkok, Thailand
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13196
T.M. Vinod Kumar
Editor
Smart Economy in Smart
Cities
International Collaborative Research: Ottawa,
St. Louis, Stuttgart, Bologna, Cape Town,
Nairobi, Dakar, Lagos, New Delhi, Varanasi,
Vijayawada, Kozhikode, Hong Kong
123
Editor
T.M.Vinod Kumar
Schoolof PlanningandArchitecture,
NewDelhi(SPA-D)
Calicut, Kerala
India
ISSN 2198-2546 ISSN 2198-2554 (electronic)
Advances in 21stCentury HumanSettlements
ISBN978-981-10-1608-0 ISBN978-981-10-1610-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1610-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016948791
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Foreword I
This publication, Smart Economy in Smart Cities, featuring four African cities
comesatanopportunetimewhensignificantglobalagendasarebeingagreed.This
includes notably the Africa Agenda 2063 in 2014, the Sustainable Development
Goals, the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) in 2015 and the United Nations
Third Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)
thisyear.Totakefulladvantageoftheepochalagreements,thereisanurgentneed
to strengthen the capacities of African countries and cities to engage with the
preparatory processes in order to ensure their views are taken into account. For
example, the preparation of the Habitat III Conference planned for October 2016
demandstheempowermentofpeopleandinstitutionswiththerightinformationand
knowledge that helps to prioritize their needs in the global, national and local
development agenda. Close engagement with the development of a global agenda
suchastheHabitatIIIprocessthatwillbeendorsedbymemberstatesoftheUnited
Nations is critical because it happens every 20 years. Preparation and knowledge
are therefore key to developing the framework to promote smart, sustainable,
inclusive and prosperous human settlements.
ThestudyofthefourAfricancitiesdrawsonarobustsetofconceptsthatinclude
planning, housing, infrastructure development, economic development, environ-
mental sustainability, social development, disaster exposure and resilience and
peace and security. The planning of African urbanization must take into consid-
erationandlearnfromtheaccumulatedknowledgeonvariousconditionsthatmake
cities smart, green, ecological, livable and healthy; and the progressive emergence
of the ICT infrastructures and their correlates such as social media and in general
data revolution. With the development of ICT infrastructures and their correlates,
work places are becoming progressively spatially mobile. Walkability and public
spaceprovisionhavealsoincreasinglybecomeacentralpartofplanningofthecity
ofthetwenty-firstcentury.Furthermore,withtheemergenceofICTinfrastructures,
the dichotomy between settlements, particularly between cities, towns and villages
is becoming less relevant than it was traditionally perceived. Various comparative
advantages traditionally associated with urban setting such as diffusion of ideas,
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vi ForewordI
innovation, economies of scale and agglomeration of economies can now be
achievedinsparsebutconnectedsettlements.Thisisindicativeofthepervasiveness
oftheICTrevolutionintheregionandinasensesignalsthedeepeningoftheeraof
digital urbanization in Africa. Given the increasing penetration of digital tech-
nologies, all things being equal Africa’s urbanization may well be accelerated and
achieved well before the predicted year of 2035. Clearly, digital urbanization will
helptoaddressvariousurbanissuesthatAfricancitiesarefacingwhichresultfrom
certainfoundationalweaknessescharacterizedbythreemainfactors:(a)poorurban
planning; (b) insufficient provision of basic services; and (c) inefficient urban
policies.
We recognize that ICT alone cannot make a city smart; it is the way it is
integratedinthecityfabricthatwilldeterminethecitysmartness.Withanextensive
useofICTtoaccessservices,therewillbefewcarsthanbeforeontheroadmaking
streets friendlier and healthy for walking and cycling. Streets can be planned and
designed as public spaces to serve communities for social interactions as well as
mobility. Hence, they can promote infrastructure development, enhance environ-
mental sustainability, support high socio-economic development and promote
social development, equity and social inclusion. In the long term, it will reduce
emissions of CO , promote the creation of low-carbon cities, reduce land degra-
2
dation and promote biodiversity.
Recently, African Ministers of Housing and Urban Development, convening in
Abuja, Nigeria, in February 2016, adopted the Abuja Declaration which spelt out
Africa’s position on Habitat III. The Declaration contains six fundamental prin-
ciples underlying the African perspective to the outcome of Habitat III which
objective is to pursue an ambitious new, and transformative urban and human
settlementsagenda.Itwillmakesensetoharmonizeatthepracticalpolicylevelthe
lessons learnt from the smart economy in Smart City studies with the objectives
of the Common African Position on Habitat III. In addition, we suggest that these
studies be carried out in other African countries.
Prof. Oyebanji Oyeyinka
Director, Regional Office for Africa
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)
Foreword II
The Power of Sharing
Cities globally are positioned to identify, adopt and implement transformational
solutions. Technologies are changing the way cities are built, how citizens interact
andmovethroughoutthecity,andhowcityservicesfromhealthcaretosafetyand
from water to waste are delivered. A city’s livability, prosperity and inclusiveness
arecentraltosustainableprogressgloballyandsmartsolutionsarepavingtheway.
One of the greatest challenges we face today is ensuring that the work and
experienceinbuildingSmartCitiesworldwidecanbesharedacrosscitiesglobally.
In order to share experience, we need a common ‘language’ and agreement on the
definitions and practices that make up a smart community, so that we are all
measuring the same dynamics. At that point, processes become transferrable and
improvable. Standardized city data can become that common language ensuring
city solutions can ‘travel’ globally.
Measurement is at the heart of the progressive Smart City. A new international
standard now under development within ISO, Indicators for Smart Cities, will
outline a set of indicators to enable cities to facilitate and promote the integration
and interoperability of city systems and build upon a core set of city indicators,
already standardized in ISO 37120 Sustainable Development of Communities:
Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life. Standardized indicators for Smart
Cities will enable cities to draw comparative lessons and facilitate city to city
learning. This standard will help cities to innovate and find technological and
knowledge-based solutions to address urban challenges.
Oneofthegreatattributesofthisbookisthatitbringstogetherrespectedauthors
fromaroundtheworld,tohelpdriveknowledgeandexchange.Thisbookdescribes
programmes that experts have used with success in developing smart economies
acrossaglobalarrayofcities.These‘beaconsofsuccess’canbeemulatedbyother
cities globally if a common language—data—is available to inform city to city
learning.
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There are in fact two levels of benefits that readers will find in these chapters:
(cid:129) Specific examples of solutions that can be adopted in other cities globally; and
(cid:129) An overall emerging theme highlighting common elements that are needed in
order to plan a universal strategic direction.
Standardizedinformationoncities,gatheredonaglobalscale,buildsastrategic
base of knowledge for city leaders to act. It has the power to transform city
building,toinformsmarthealthcare,allocateenergyresources,achievesustainable
economic growth and raise incomes for all citizens. Although a great deal of
hypothetical work has been done, there is little empirical study available on how
Smart Cities generate urban economic development. This book opens that door,
providing comparable information on what success looks like in different centres
around the world.
Patricia McCarney
President and CEO of the World Council on City Data (WCCD)
Professor of Political Science and Director of the Global Cities
Institute at the University of Toronto, Canada
Foreword III
The ‘Smart City’ idea comes from a long line of urban innovations that attempt to
re-imaginethecityandimbueitwithfreshvisionandpurpose.Gardencities,model
neighbourhoods, new towns, national capital cities, techno-cities, socialist cities,
sustainablecities,eco-cities,low-carboncities,healthycitiesandnowSmartCities
are all attempts to specify more precise versions of utopia. They all bring organi-
zation to the otherwise spontaneous clustering of people, homes, jobs and services
that we call cities. They are attempted to improve social order.
Garden cities focused on combining the benefits of town and country. Socialist
cities focused on erasing inequalities. Eco-cities focus on minimizing ecological
impact. Low-carbon cities narrow this objective even further. Healthy cities focus
on improving health by design. There is always a utopian objective in the
re-envisioningdevice.SmartCitiesarealittledifferent.Andbecauseofthis,itmay
prove that they are a more viable and long-lived notion.
‘Smart’isnotanendinitself.Whywouldwestrivefor‘smart’foritsownsake?
Theperspectiveofthisinterestingcollectionofwritingsison‘smart’forthesakeof
‘smart economy’. Leaving the authors of the initial chapters to define what ‘smart
economy’means,theformulaofthetitleillustratesthatthenotionofSmartCitiesis
essentially about means not ends. A Smart City is an IT-enabled city. This is the
simplestwayofunderstandingtheidea.Expressedthus,itbecomeslessofafadin
urban planning doctrine or technology strategy and more of a phase of urban
managementwhosetimehascome—atechnologicalphase.Sensortechnology;big
data;inexpensivehigh-poweredcomputing;pricingtechnology;andgovernmental,
legalandotherinstitutionalinnovations,allmeanthattechnologycanbeappliedto
urbanmanagementindramaticallynewways.Whathappenedinthefactoryseveral
decades ago can now be applied to the city. The efficiency of many parts of the
urban management system can be increased by automation. This has come grad-
ually over the decades but has accelerated with nonlinear downward trends in the
costs of computer processing; storage; communication and data capture; and
upwardtrendsinthespeed,depthandscopeofinnovationinurbaninformationand
communications technology (ICT) applications.
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