Smart computing with open source platforms

263 Pages·2019·8.726 MB·English

by  Dey, Nilanjan, Mukherjee, Amartya

Smart Computing with
Open Source Platforms

Smart Computing with
Open Source Platforms
Amartya Mukherjee and Nilanjan Dey
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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New York, NY 10017
© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................xv
Authors ................................................................................................................xvii
Introduction .........................................................................................................xix
1. Introduction to Open Source Hardware ....................................................1
1.1 Open Source Hardware Concept ........................................................1
1.2 Arduino Ecosystem and Its Types ......................................................1
1.3 Features of Arduino Hardware ..........................................................3
1.4 Features of Arduino Software .............................................................3
1.5 How to Set Up ........................................................................................6
1.6 Arduino DUE Environment ................................................................9
1.7 Arduino Development Community and Social Coding ...............10
1.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................10
References .......................................................................................................11
2. Arduino Hardware .......................................................................................13
2.1 System Architecture ...........................................................................13
2.2 Microcontroller ....................................................................................14
2.2.1 Power Unit ..............................................................................16
2.2.2 Digital I/O of Arduino ..........................................................16
2.2.3 ADC Inputs .............................................................................16
2.2.4 Peripherals in Arduino .........................................................17
2.2.5 Detailed Board Configuration .............................................17
2.3 Arduino Interrupts .............................................................................18
2.3.1 Comparison Register .............................................................18
2.4 Peripheral Devices and Interfacing ..................................................18
2.4.1 Arduino TFT Interfacing ......................................................19
2.4.2 Using the Library ...................................................................20
2.4.3 Using the Arduino Esplora and the TFT Library ..............20
2.4.4 Similarities in Processing .....................................................21
2.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................21
References .......................................................................................................21
3. Data Types, Operators, and Expressions .................................................23
3.1 Primitive Data Types ..........................................................................23
3.1.1 Integer ......................................................................................23
3.1.2 Byte ..........................................................................................24
3.1.3 O ther Types of int ..................................................................24
3.1.4 I nteger Constant .....................................................................24
v
vi Contents
3.1.5 Characters ...............................................................................24
3.1.6 Floating Point Data ................................................................25
3.1.7 Array and String in Arduino ...............................................25
3.1.8 Strings ......................................................................................26
3.2 User-Defined Data Types ...................................................................28
3.3 Declaration of a Variable ....................................................................29
3.4 Operators ..............................................................................................30
3.5 Precedence and Associativity ...........................................................31
3.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................32
References .......................................................................................................32
4. Functions in Arduino ...................................................................................33
4.1 setup() and loop() Functions .......................................................33
4.2 User-Defined Functions .....................................................................34
4.3 Recursive Function Calls ...................................................................35
4.4 Library ..................................................................................................38
4.4.1 EEPROM Library....................................................................39
4.4.1.1 read() .....................................................................39
4.4.1.2 write() ...................................................................40
4.4.1.3 put() ........................................................................40
4.4.1.4 get() ........................................................................41
4.4.1.5 update() .................................................................41
4.4.2 Firmata Library ......................................................................42
4.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................44
References .......................................................................................................44
5. Conditional Statements ...............................................................................45
5.1 If-Else Conditional Statements ..........................................................45
5.1.1 Else ...........................................................................................46
5.1.2 If-Else-If Ladder .....................................................................46
5.2 Switch-Case Statement .......................................................................46
5.3 Loops in Arduino ................................................................................47
5.3.1 For loop ....................................................................................47
5.4 While and Do-While Loops ...............................................................48
5.4.1 While Loop .............................................................................48
5.4.2 Do-While Loop .......................................................................49
5.5 loop() in Arduino .............................................................................49
5.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................50
References .......................................................................................................50
6. Arduino Input Systems ...............................................................................51
6.1 pinMode() Function ..........................................................................51
6.2 INPUT and INPUT_PULLUP Configuration ..................................52
6.3 digitalRead() Function .................................................................53
Contents vii
6.4 analogRead() Function ...................................................................54
6.5 Inputs for Firmata Library .................................................................55
6.6 Input Device Interfacing ....................................................................56
6.6.1 Input Pin Properties ..............................................................56
6.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................57
References .......................................................................................................57
7. Arduino Output Systems ............................................................................59
7.1 digitalWrite() Function ...............................................................59
7.2 analogWrite() Function .................................................................60
7.2.1 Operation ................................................................................60
7.2.2 PWM details ...........................................................................61
7.2.3 ATmega PWM Access ...........................................................61
7.3 An Input–Output Example ................................................................64
7.4 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................67
References .......................................................................................................68
8. Arduino with Processing ............................................................................69
8.1 Overview of Processing Language ...................................................69
8.1.1 G eneral Overview ..................................................................69
8.1.2 P rocessing Software ..............................................................70
8.2 Code Structure.....................................................................................72
8.2.1 P rocessing Code .....................................................................72
8.2.2 D rawing the Objects ..............................................................73
8.3 Libraries and Functions .....................................................................74
8.3.1 S erial Library ..........................................................................74
8.4 Visualization of an LDR Output .......................................................75
8.5 Interaction with Arduino and Firmata ............................................77
8.6 Mouse Handling in Processing .........................................................84
8.7 Colors in Processing ...........................................................................88
8.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................90
References .......................................................................................................90
9. Real-Life Code Examples ............................................................................91
9.1 Automated Rail Gate Control ............................................................91
9.1.1 Stepwise Procedure ...............................................................91
9.1.2 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................92
9.2 Arduino-Based Heartrate Monitoring System ...............................94
9.2.1 Working Methodology ..........................................................95
9.3 Arduino-Based LPG Detector System ..............................................98
9.3.1 Working Principle ..................................................................98
9.4 Conclusion ..........................................................................................100
9.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................100
References .....................................................................................................100
viii Contents
10. Introduction to Python Language ...........................................................101
10.1 Features of Python Language .........................................................101
10.2 Python Versions ................................................................................102
10.3 Python Installation ...........................................................................103
10.3.1 D etailed Installation Procedure in Windows ..................104
10.3.2 I nstalling Python in Ubuntu Linux ..................................104
10.3.3 I nstallation of Python Using the Source in Ubuntu .......104
10.4 Writing Some Basic Programs .........................................................105
10.5 Installation Using pip .......................................................................107
10.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................109
References .....................................................................................................109
11. Operators, Variables, and Expressions ...................................................111
11.1 Operators in Python .........................................................................111
11.1.1 Arithmetic Operators ..........................................................111
11.1.2 Comparison Operators ........................................................112
11.1.3 Logical Operators.................................................................112
11.1.4 Bitwise Operators ................................................................113
11.1.5 Identity Operators in Python .............................................114
11.1.6 Membership Operators .......................................................115
11.1.7 Assignment Operators ........................................................115
11.2 Clearing the Screen of the Console ................................................116
11.3 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................116
References .....................................................................................................117
12. Decision-Making and Control Flow .......................................................119
12.1 if Statement ......................................................................................119
12.2 If-elif-else Ladder......................................................................120
12.2.1 Ladder Representation ........................................................120
12.2.2 Ternary Operator .................................................................121
12.3 Loops in Python ................................................................................122
12.3.1 while Loop ..........................................................................122
12.3.2 for Loop ...............................................................................124
12.3.3 Nested Loops ........................................................................125
12.3.4 Odd Loops ............................................................................125
12.3.5 break and continue Statements .....................................125
12.4 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................126
References .....................................................................................................126
13. Functions in Python ...................................................................................127
13.1 Standard Rule of Definition .............................................................127
13.2 Function Invocation ..........................................................................128
13.2.1 Invocation Methodology .....................................................128
13.2.2 Argument Passing Mechanisms ........................................129
Contents ix
13.3 Keyword Argument Concept ..........................................................130
13.4 Lambda Function ..............................................................................131
13.5 Modules in Python ...........................................................................132
13.5.1 from Statement ....................................................................132
13.5.2 dir() Function ....................................................................133
13.6 Package in Python .............................................................................133
13.7 reload(), global(), and local() .........................................134
13.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................134
References .....................................................................................................134
14. More Examples of Modules and Functions with APIs .......................135
14.1 Accessing CSV Files ..........................................................................135
14.1.1 Reading CSV Data ...............................................................136
14.1.2 Loading CSV Using Pandas ...............................................136
14.2 Parsing JSON Data ............................................................................136
14.3 Working with MongoDB ..................................................................138
14.4 MongoDB Client Management Tools .............................................141
14.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................142
References .....................................................................................................142
15. Implementation of Data Structures ........................................................143
15.1 Lists in Python ...................................................................................143
15.1.1 Updating and Deleting List Elements ..............................144
15.1.2 Fundamental List Operation ..............................................145
15.2 Tuples in Python................................................................................145
15.3 Dictionary Structure .........................................................................146
15.4 Sorting of Data Structures ...............................................................147
15.5 Date and Time in Python .................................................................149
15.6 Strings in Python ..............................................................................150
15.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................151
References .....................................................................................................152
16. Object-Oriented Programming in Python ............................................153
16.1 Class in Python ..................................................................................153
16.2 Constructor ........................................................................................154
16.3 Creation of Methods in Class ..........................................................155
16.4 Polymorphism in Python .................................................................155
16.5 Inheritance Concept ..........................................................................157
16.6 Method Overriding Concept ...........................................................159
16.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................160
References .....................................................................................................160
17. Input and Output in Python .....................................................................161
17.1 input() and raw_input() Functions ........................................161