Description:
Content: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 General Introduction; 1,2 A Brief Summary of Trends in Amino Acid Synthesis; 1.3 Industrial Synthesis; 1.4 Amino Acid Properties; 1.5 Absolute Configuration; 1.6 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity; 1.7 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: NMR Analysis; 1.8 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: HPLC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.9 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: GC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.10 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis; 1.11 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: TLC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.12 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Mass Spectrometric Methods; 1.13 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Other Methods; CHAPTER 2. SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC A-AMINO ACIDS: AMINATION AND CARBOXYLATION; 2.1 Primordial Amino Acids; 2.2 Addition of the Amino and Carboxy Groups to the Side Chain (Aminocarboxylation Reactions); 2.3 Addition of the Amino Group (Amination Reactions); 2.4 Addition of the Carboxyl Group (Carboxylation Reactions); 2.4.1 Electrophilic Carboxylation; 2.4.2 Nucleophilic Carboxylation; CHAPTER 3. SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC -AMINO ACIDS: INTRODUCTION OF THE SIDE CHAIN; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Alkylation of Aminomalonic Acids; 3.3 Alkylation of Aminocyanoacetic Acids; 3.4 Alkylation of Schiff Bases; 3.5 Alkylation of Isocyanoacetates; 3.6 Alkylation of Other Activated Glycine Equivalents; 3.7 Alkylation of Non-Activated Glycines; 3.8 Alkylation of Glycine Equivalents via Other Methods; 3.9 Alkylation of an Electrophilic Glycine Equivalent; 3. 10 Radical Alkylations; CHAPTER 4. SYNTHESIS AND ELABORATION OF DIDEHYDRO AMINO ACIDS; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Sythesis of Didehydroamino Acids; 4.3 Reactions of Didehydroamino Acids; CHAPTER 5. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: EXTENSION OF ACHIRAL METHODS - AMINATION AND CARBOXYLATION REACTIONS; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Asymmetric Aminocarboxylation Reaction; 5.3 Asymmetric Amination Reactions; 5.4 Asymmetric Carboxylation Reactions; CHAPTER 6. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS: EXTENSION OF ACHIRAL METHODS - INTRODUCTION FO THE SIDE CHAIN TO ACYCLIC SYSTEMS; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Asymmetric Alkylations of Glycine Enolates; 6.3 Reactions of Isocyanocarboxylate Enolates; 6.4 Alkylations of Schiff Bases of Glycine or Other Amino Acids; 6.5 Asymmetric Alkylations of Electrophilic Glycine Equivalents; 6.6 Asymmetric Radical Alkylations of Acyclic Glycine Equivalents; CHAPTER 7. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: ALKYLATION OF CYCLIC CHIRAL TEMPLATES; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Schollkopf Bis-lactim Ether; 7.3 Piperazine-2,5-dione; 7.4 Morpholine-2,5-dione; 7.5 Williams Oxazinone (5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxazin-2-one, 5,6-diphenylmorpholin-2-one); 7.6 Other Oxazinones (1,4-oxazin-2-one, morpholin-2-one); 7.7 Seebach Oxazolidin-5-one; 7.8 Oxazolidin-2-ones; 7.9 Seebach Imidazolidin-4-one; 7.10 Other Imidazolidinones and Related Templates; 7.11 Cyclic Metal Complexes; 7.12 Other Cyclic Chiral Templates; CHAPTER 8. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: OPENING OF SMALL RING SYSTEMS; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Aziridines; 8.3 Azirines; 8.4 Epoxides; 8.5 b-Lactams; CHAPTER 9. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: ELABORATION OF AMINO ACIDS OTHER THAN SERINE; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Aspartic Acid; 9.3 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Glutamic Acid; 9.4 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Asparagine/Glutamine; 9.5 Syntheses from Other Amino Acids; CHAPTER 10. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE -AMINO ACIDS: ELABORATION OF SERINE; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Racemization of Serine; 10.3 Nucleophilic Displacement of an Activated Serine Hydroxyl Group; 10.4 Radical Reactions; 10.5 Nucleophilic Alaninol Synthons Derived from Serine; 10.6 Serine Aldehydes: Conversion of the Serine Carboxyl Group into an Aldehyde/Ketone; 10.7 Serine Aldehydes: Conversion of the Serine Side Chain Hydroxyl Group into an Aldehyde; 10.8 Other Reactions of Serine; CHAPTER 11. SYNTHESIS OF -, -, -, AND -AMINO ACIDS; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 b-Amino Acids; 11.3 Cyclic b-Amino Acids; 11.4 y-Amino Acids; 11.5 Cyclic y-Amino Acids; 11.6 -Amino Acids; 11.7 Cyclic -Amino Acids; 11.8 -Amino Acids; CHAPTER 12. MODIFICATIONS OF AMINO ACIDS: RESOLUTION, N-ALKYLATION, N-PROTECTION, AMIDATION AND COUPLING; 12.1 Resolutions of a-Amino Acids; 12.2 N-Alkylation of Amino Acids; 12.3 N-Acylation and N-Protection of Amino Acids; 12.4 Amidation and Amide Hydrolysis; 12.5 Coupling of Amino Acids
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Smart Coatings II PDF

357 Pages·2009·38.61 MB·English
by  Theodore Provder and Jamil Baghdachi (Eds.)
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Content: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 General Introduction; 1,2 A Brief Summary of Trends in Amino Acid Synthesis; 1.3 Industrial Synthesis; 1.4 Amino Acid Properties; 1.5 Absolute Configuration; 1.6 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity; 1.7 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: NMR Analysis; 1.8 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: HPLC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.9 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: GC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.10 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis; 1.11 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: TLC Chromatographic Analysis; 1.12 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Mass Spectrometric Methods; 1.13 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity: Other Methods; CHAPTER 2. SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC A-AMINO ACIDS: AMINATION AND CARBOXYLATION; 2.1 Primordial Amino Acids; 2.2 Addition of the Amino and Carboxy Groups to the Side Chain (Aminocarboxylation Reactions); 2.3 Addition of the Amino Group (Amination Reactions); 2.4 Addition of the Carboxyl Group (Carboxylation Reactions); 2.4.1 Electrophilic Carboxylation; 2.4.2 Nucleophilic Carboxylation; CHAPTER 3. SYNTHESIS OF RACEMIC -AMINO ACIDS: INTRODUCTION OF THE SIDE CHAIN; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Alkylation of Aminomalonic Acids; 3.3 Alkylation of Aminocyanoacetic Acids; 3.4 Alkylation of Schiff Bases; 3.5 Alkylation of Isocyanoacetates; 3.6 Alkylation of Other Activated Glycine Equivalents; 3.7 Alkylation of Non-Activated Glycines; 3.8 Alkylation of Glycine Equivalents via Other Methods; 3.9 Alkylation of an Electrophilic Glycine Equivalent; 3. 10 Radical Alkylations; CHAPTER 4. SYNTHESIS AND ELABORATION OF DIDEHYDRO AMINO ACIDS; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Sythesis of Didehydroamino Acids; 4.3 Reactions of Didehydroamino Acids; CHAPTER 5. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: EXTENSION OF ACHIRAL METHODS - AMINATION AND CARBOXYLATION REACTIONS; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Asymmetric Aminocarboxylation Reaction; 5.3 Asymmetric Amination Reactions; 5.4 Asymmetric Carboxylation Reactions; CHAPTER 6. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS: EXTENSION OF ACHIRAL METHODS - INTRODUCTION FO THE SIDE CHAIN TO ACYCLIC SYSTEMS; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Asymmetric Alkylations of Glycine Enolates; 6.3 Reactions of Isocyanocarboxylate Enolates; 6.4 Alkylations of Schiff Bases of Glycine or Other Amino Acids; 6.5 Asymmetric Alkylations of Electrophilic Glycine Equivalents; 6.6 Asymmetric Radical Alkylations of Acyclic Glycine Equivalents; CHAPTER 7. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: ALKYLATION OF CYCLIC CHIRAL TEMPLATES; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Schollkopf Bis-lactim Ether; 7.3 Piperazine-2,5-dione; 7.4 Morpholine-2,5-dione; 7.5 Williams Oxazinone (5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxazin-2-one, 5,6-diphenylmorpholin-2-one); 7.6 Other Oxazinones (1,4-oxazin-2-one, morpholin-2-one); 7.7 Seebach Oxazolidin-5-one; 7.8 Oxazolidin-2-ones; 7.9 Seebach Imidazolidin-4-one; 7.10 Other Imidazolidinones and Related Templates; 7.11 Cyclic Metal Complexes; 7.12 Other Cyclic Chiral Templates; CHAPTER 8. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: OPENING OF SMALL RING SYSTEMS; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Aziridines; 8.3 Azirines; 8.4 Epoxides; 8.5 b-Lactams; CHAPTER 9. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE A-AMINO ACIDS: ELABORATION OF AMINO ACIDS OTHER THAN SERINE; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Aspartic Acid; 9.3 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Glutamic Acid; 9.4 Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids from Asparagine/Glutamine; 9.5 Syntheses from Other Amino Acids; CHAPTER 10. SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE -AMINO ACIDS: ELABORATION OF SERINE; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Racemization of Serine; 10.3 Nucleophilic Displacement of an Activated Serine Hydroxyl Group; 10.4 Radical Reactions; 10.5 Nucleophilic Alaninol Synthons Derived from Serine; 10.6 Serine Aldehydes: Conversion of the Serine Carboxyl Group into an Aldehyde/Ketone; 10.7 Serine Aldehydes: Conversion of the Serine Side Chain Hydroxyl Group into an Aldehyde; 10.8 Other Reactions of Serine; CHAPTER 11. SYNTHESIS OF -, -, -, AND -AMINO ACIDS; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 b-Amino Acids; 11.3 Cyclic b-Amino Acids; 11.4 y-Amino Acids; 11.5 Cyclic y-Amino Acids; 11.6 -Amino Acids; 11.7 Cyclic -Amino Acids; 11.8 -Amino Acids; CHAPTER 12. MODIFICATIONS OF AMINO ACIDS: RESOLUTION, N-ALKYLATION, N-PROTECTION, AMIDATION AND COUPLING; 12.1 Resolutions of a-Amino Acids; 12.2 N-Alkylation of Amino Acids; 12.3 N-Acylation and N-Protection of Amino Acids; 12.4 Amidation and Amide Hydrolysis; 12.5 Coupling of Amino Acids
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