Smart Cities : The Internet of Things, People and Systems

274 Pages·2017·9.32 MB·English

by  Dustdar

Schahram Dustdar
Stefan Nastić
Ognjen Šćekić
Smar t
Cities
The Internet of Things,
People and Systems
Smart Cities
Schahram Dustdar · Stefan Nastić
Ognjen Šćekić
Smart Cities
The Internet of Things, People and Systems
1 3
Schahram Dustdar Ognjen Šćekić
TU Wien TU Wien
Vienna, Austria Vienna, Austria
Stefan Nastić
TU Wien
Vienna, Austria
ISBN 978-3-319-60029-1 ISBN 978-3-319-60030-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60030-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941478
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“Thebestwaytoplanfordowntownistosee
howpeopleuseittoday;tolookforits
strengthsandtoexploitandreinforcethem.
Thereisnologicthatcanbesuperimposedon
thecity;peoplemakeit,anditistothem,not
buildings,thatwemustfitourplans.”
—JaneJacobs,TheDeathandLifeof
GreatAmericanCities,1961
Preface
The contemporary view of the Smart City is very much static and infrastructure-
centric,focusingoninstallationandsubsequentmanagementofEdgedevicesand
analyticsofdataprovidedbythesedevices.Whilethisstillallowsamoreefficient
managementofthecity’sinfrastructure,optimizationsandsavingsindifferentdo-
mains,theexistingarchitecturesarecurrentlydesignedassingle-purpose,vertically
siloedsolutions.Thishindersactiveinvolvementofavarietyofstakeholders(e.g.,
citizensandbusinesses)whonaturallyformpartofthecity’secosystemandhavean
inherentinterestinjointlycoordinatingandinfluencingcity-levelactivities.
Thebookpresentsacoherent,novelvisionofSmartCities,builtaroundavalue-
drivenarchitecture.ItdescribesthelimitationsofthecontemporarynotionofSmart
City and argues that the next development step must actively include not only
physical infrastructure, but ICT and human infrastructure as well. In the authors’
opinion,thisrequiresemphasizingandtightlyintegratingresearchandtechnological
solutionsfromtheareasofInternetofThings(IoT)andSocialComputing.Thebook
portraysthenovelSmartCityasanespeciallysuitableenvironmentfortheproposed
integration,anddescribeshowthecity’sstakeholderswouldbenefitfromit,mostly
bybeingabletorunandparticipatecollectivelyincomplex,coordinatedactivities
involving the city’s infrastructure and services, but especially other stakeholders
andtheirdevices.Thedescribedactivitiesrequireprovisioningandscalingofthe
ICTinfrastructure,collectivecommunicationandcoordinationmechanisms,aswell
asdirectandindirectcontrollabilitymechanisms,especiallywithrespecttohuman
participants.
Theformatandthecontentofthebookismeanttogiveanoverviewofcontempo-
rarydevelopmentsintheareasofIoTandSocialComputingresearch,andtoseta
researchroadmapforafuturetighterintegrationofthetwoareasinthecontextof
theSmartCity.
Vienna,
November2016 Theauthors
vii
Acknowledgements
Theresearchpresentedinthisbookwassupportedthroughthefollowingresearch
grantsandcollaborations:EUFP7600854“SmartSociety”andJointProgramming
InitiativeUrbanEurope,ERA-NET5631209“SMART-FI”.
Furthermore, the authors would like to thank the dear persons without whom
writingthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossible.
Schahram:IdedicatethisbooktoMarjan.Withoutyou,Iwouldnothavebeen
abletodothis.Withyourunconditionalloveyousupportedmethroughthemost
difficulttimesofmylife.Iamalsoimmenselythankfultomydearchildren,Timna
andLuis,fortheirconstantlovingsupportandenergy.
Stefan:IdedicatethisbooktoyouAleksandra,asasmallreciprocationforall
yourloveandsupportthatcannotbeputinwords.Ialsowanttothankmyparents
Vera and Nebojsa and my sister Aleksandra for their never-ending support and
wholeheartedlove.Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyco-authorsforalltheinspiring
discussionsandenjoyablecollaboration.
Ognjen:IwouldliketothankmyparentsMladenkaandMilan,mybrotherIgor
andmyfiance´eKatarinafortheirpatienceandsupportduringthewritingofthis
book.Inaddition,Iwouldliketothankmyco-authorsforallthefruitfulandcreative
discussionsthatwehavehad.
ix
Contents
PartI PresentandFutureofSmartCities
1 IntroductiontoSmartCitiesandaVisionofCyber-HumanCities ... 3
1.1 ArchitectureofValues ...................................... 4
1.2 SmartCityPlatform ........................................ 7
1.3 Stakeholders............................................... 9
1.4 ComplexCoordinatedActivities .............................. 9
1.5 IncentivesasaSoftControllabilityPrinciple.................... 10
1.6 CitizenInformedness ....................................... 11
1.7 ProvisioningandGoverningInfrastructureasaUtility............ 13
1.8 Summary&OrganizationoftheBook ......................... 14
PartII ProvisioningandGoverningSmartCitySystems
2 StateOfTheArt&RelatedWork................................ 21
2.1 OverviewofDevelopmentSupportforIoTCloudApplications .... 21
2.2 ProvisioningApproachesintheIoTCloud ..................... 23
2.3 IoTCloudGovernanceApproaches ........................... 25
3 ProvisioningSmartCityInfrastructure........................... 27
3.1 ResearchContext........................................... 29
3.1.1 Scenarios........................................... 29
3.1.2 ProvisioningBMS ................................... 30
3.1.3 ResearchChallenges ................................. 31
3.2 MainBuildingBlocksofSoftware-DefinedIoTSystems.......... 32
3.2.1 DesignPrinciplesofSoftware-DefinedIoTCloudSystems . 32
3.2.2 ConceptualModelofSoftware-DefinedIoTUnits......... 34
3.2.3 UnitClassification ................................... 36
3.3 MainTechniquesforProvisioningSoftware-DefinedIoTCloud
Systems .................................................. 38
3.3.1 AutomatedCompositionofSoftware-DefinedIoTUnits.... 38
xi
xii Contents
3.3.2 CentrallyManagedConfigurationModels................ 40
3.4 PrototypeImplementation&Evaluation ....................... 41
3.4.1 PreliminaryImplementationofProvisioningController .... 41
3.4.2 Experiments ........................................ 42
3.5 Summary ................................................. 46
4 Middleware for Utility-based Provisioning of Smart City
Infrastructure ................................................. 47
4.1 ResearchContext........................................... 48
4.1.1 ResearchChallenges ................................. 50
4.2 IoTCloudProvisioningMiddleware........................... 51
4.2.1 Software-DefinedGateways ........................... 51
4.2.2 EdgeDeviceMiddlewareSupport ...................... 55
4.2.3 Cloud-BasedProvisioningController ................... 57
4.3 RuntimeMechanismsforMulti-levelProvisioningintheIoTCloud 58
4.3.1 RuntimeExecutionofProvisioningWorkflows ........... 58
4.3.2 EvaluatingCompositePredicates ....................... 60
4.3.3 ArtifactsandSDGsPrototypesRuntimeValidation........ 61
4.3.4 ProvisioningModels ................................. 62
4.4 PrototypeImplementation&Evaluation ....................... 63
4.5 Summary ................................................. 70
5 GoverningSmartCitySystems .................................. 71
5.1 ResearchContext........................................... 73
5.2 GovOps–ANovelMethodologyforGovernanceandOperations
inIoTCloudSystems ....................................... 75
5.2.1 GovernanceAspects.................................. 76
5.2.2 OperationsManagementAspects ....................... 77
5.2.3 IntegratingGovernanceObjectiveswithOperationsProcesses 77
5.2.4 MainPrinciplesofGovOpsinIoTCloudSystems......... 79
5.3 AReferenceModelforGovOpsMethodology .................. 79
5.3.1 OverviewoftheGovOpsModelforIoTCloudSystems.... 79
5.3.2 DesignProcessofGovOpsStrategies ................... 81
5.4 rtGovOps–ARuntimeFrameworkforGovOpsinLarge-ScaleIoT
CloudSystems............................................. 82
5.4.1 OperationalGovernanceCapabilities.................... 83
5.4.2 OperationalGovernanceProcessesandGovernanceScopes. 85
5.4.3 GovernanceControllerandrtGovOpsAgents............. 85
5.5 MainRuntimeMechanismofthertGovOpsFramework .......... 87
5.5.1 AutomatedProvisioningofGovernanceCapabilities....... 88
5.5.2 rtGovOpsAPIsandInvocationofGovernanceCapabilities . 91
5.6 PrototypeImplementation&Evaluation ....................... 93
5.6.1 PrototypeImplementation............................. 93
5.6.2 SetupoftheExperiments.............................. 93
5.6.3 GoverningFMSatRuntime ........................... 94
Contents xiii
5.6.4 ResultsoftheExperiments ............................ 96
5.6.5 DiscussionandLessonsLearned ....................... 98
5.7 Summary ................................................. 99
PartIII ManagingSmartCitySocialInfrastructure
6 StateoftheArt&RelatedWork.................................103
6.1 OverviewofExistingSocial-ComputingPlatforms...............103
6.2 TheoriesofMotivationandIncentives .........................105
6.3 IncentiveManagementinComputerScience....................109
7 Programmatic Management of Human Coordination and
CollaborationActivities.........................................113
7.1 ResearchContext...........................................114
7.1.1 TheSmartSocietyPlatform............................114
7.2 CommunicationandVirtualizationMiddleware ................. 121
7.2.1 Architecture ........................................ 121
7.2.2 MessagingandRouting ...............................122
7.2.3 MessageAdapters ...................................126
7.2.4 PrivacyFunctionalities................................ 127
7.2.5 Implementation&Evaluation..........................128
7.3 ProgrammingModel........................................130
7.3.1 Collective-BasedTasks(CBT) ......................... 131
7.3.2 ExecutionModel ....................................135
7.3.3 Collectives.......................................... 137
7.3.4 ApplicationContext&Initialization ....................139
7.4 LanguageConstructs........................................142
7.4.1 ContextInitializationConstructs .......................142
7.4.2 CBTInstantiation....................................143
7.4.3 CBTLifecycleOperations.............................143
7.4.4 CBTCollective-FetchingOperations....................145
7.4.5 CollectiveManipulationConstructs.....................145
7.4.6 Collective-LevelCommunication....................... 147
7.4.7 Examples...........................................148
8 IncentiveManagement..........................................153
8.1 ResearchContext...........................................154
8.2 ExistingIncentiveandRewardingPractices..................... 157
8.2.1 ClassificationofIncentiveMechanisms.................. 157
8.2.2 CompositionofIncentiveMechanisms ..................163
8.2.3 IdentifyingConstituentPartsofIncentiveMechanisms.....164
8.2.4 IncentiveMechanismsinReal-WorldSocialComputing
Platforms...........................................172
8.3 ModelingIncentivesforUseinSocio-TechnicalSystems .........179
8.3.1 ComprehensiveIncentiveModel .......................180
8.3.2 RewardingModel(ThePRINCFramework)..............183