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s Smart Antennas n o i t a c i State of the Art n u m m Edited by: Thomas Kaiser, André Bourdoux, o Holger Boche, Javier Rodríguez Fonollosa, C Jørgen Bach Andersen, and Wolfgang Utschick d n a g n i s s e c o r P l a n g i S n o s e i r e S k o o B P I S A R U E Smart Antennas—State of the Art EURASIPBookSeriesonSignalProcessingandCommunications,Volume3 Smart Antennas—State of the Art Editedby:ThomasKaiser,Andr´eBourdoux,HolgerBoche, JavierRodr´ıguezFonollosa,JørgenBachAndersen,andWolfgangUtschick HindawiPublishingCorporation http://www.hindawi.com EURASIPBookSeriesonSignalProcessingandCommunications Editor-in-Chief:K.J.RayLiu EditorialBoard:ZhiDing,MoncefGabbouj,PeterGrant,FerranMarque´s,MarcMoonen, HideakiSakai,GiovanniSicuranza,BobStewart,andSergiosTheodoridis HindawiPublishingCorporation 410ParkAvenue,15thFloor,#287pmb,NewYork,NY10022,USA NasrCityFreeZone,Cairo11816,Egypt Fax:+1-866-HINDAWI(USAToll-Free) ©2005HindawiPublishingCorporation Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthematerialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemaybereproducedor utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording, oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. ISBN977-5945-09-7 Contents Preface ............................................................ ix PartI. Receiver 1. Introduction,WolfgangUtschick ............................... 3 2. Spatiotemporalinterferencerejectioncombining, DavidAst´elyandBjo¨rnOttersten ............................... 5 3. Subspacemethodsforspace-timeprocessing, M.NicoliandU.Spagnolini ................................... 27 4. MultiuserMIMOchannelequalization, ChristophF.Mecklenbra¨uker,JoachimWehinger,ThomasZemen, HaroldArt´es,andFranzHlawatsch ............................ 53 5. Jointantennacombiningandmultiuserdetection, RalfMu¨llerandLauraCottatellucci ............................ 77 6. SynchronizationforMIMOsystems, FrederikSimoens,HenkWymeersch,HeidiSteendam, andMarcMoeneclaey ........................................ 97 7. Iterative(turbo)signalprocessingtechniquesforMIMOsignal detectionandequalization,TadMatsumoto ................... 119 8. Architecturesforreference-basedandblindmultilayer detection,Karl-DirkKammeyer,Ju¨rgenRinas, andDirkWu¨bben .......................................... 147 9. Uplinkrobustadaptivebeamforming,AlexB.Gershman ....... 173 10. Robustandreduced-rankspace-timedecisionfeedback equalization,FrankA.Dietrich,GuidoDietl, MichaelJoham,andWolfgangUtschick ........................ 189 PartII. Channel 11. Introduction,J.BachAndersen ............................... 209 12. Propagation,P.Vainikainen,J.Kivinen, X.Zhao,andH.El-Sallabi ................................... 211 13. Multidimensionalhigh-resolutionchannelsounding measurement,ReinerS.Thoma¨,MarkusLandmann, AndreasRichter,andUweTrautwein .......................... 241 14. MIMOchannelmodels,KaiYu, MatsBengtsson,andBjo¨rnOttersten .......................... 271 15. Channelestimation,GeertLeusandAlle-JanvanderVeen ....... 293 16. Direction-of-arrivalestimation,MatsViberg .................. 321 vi Contents PartIII. Transmitter 17. Introduction,JavierRodr´ıguezFonollosa ...................... 345 18. UnifieddesignoflineartransceiversforMIMOchannels, DanielP´erezPalomar ....................................... 349 19. Space-timeblockcodingusingchannelsideinformation, GeorgeJo¨ngren,MikaelSkoglund,andBjo¨rnOttersten ........... 375 20. OrderedspatialTomlinson-Harashimaprecoding, MichaelJohamandWolfgangUtschick ........................ 401 21. TransmissionstrategiesfortheMIMOMAC, EduardA.Jorswieck ......................................... 423 22. Transmittingoverill-conditionedMIMOchannels: fromspatialtoconstellationmultiplexing, DavidGesbertandJabranAkhtar ............................. 443 PartIV. NetworkTheory 23. Introduction,HolgerBoche .................................. 465 24. MIMOchannelcapacityandmeasurements, AndreasF.MolischandFredrikTufvesson ...................... 467 25. Distributedspace-timecodingtechniquesformultihop networks,SergioBarbarossa,GesualdoScutari, andLoretoPescosolido ....................................... 491 26. TowardsabetterunderstandingoftheQoStradeoff inmultiusermultiple-antennasystems, SlawomirStanczakandHolgerBoche .......................... 521 27. Dualitytheoryforuplinkanddownlinkmultiuser beamforming,HolgerBocheandMartinSchubert .............. 545 28. Schedulinginmultiple-antennamultiple-accesschannel, HolgerBoche,MarcinWiczanowski,andThomasHaustein ....... 577 PartV. Technology 29. Technology,Andr´eBourdoux ................................ 615 30. Antennadesignformultiantennasystems, ChristianWaldschmidt,WernerSo¨rgel,andWernerWiesbeck ..... 617 31. Radioarchitecturesformultiple-antennasystems,D.Evans ..... 641 32. Transceivernonidealitiesinmultiantennasystems, Andr´eBourdouxandJianLiu ................................ 651 33. Multipleantennasfor4Gwirelesssystems, Fran¸coisHorlin,FrederikPetr´e,EduardoLopez-Estraviz, andFrederikNaessens ....................................... 683 34. Demonstratorsandtestbeds,AndreasBurgandMarkusRupp ... 705 Contents vii PartVI. ApplicationsandSystems 35. Introduction,ThomasKaiser ................................ 727 36. SmartantennasolutionsforUMTS, AndreasCzylwik,ArminDekorsy,andBatuChalise ............. 729 37. UMTSlink-leveldemonstrationswithsmartantennas, KlemensFreudenthaler,MarioHuemer,LinusMaurer, SteffenPaul,andMarkusRupp ............................... 759 38. MIMOsystemsfortheHSDPAFDDmodeUMTSservice, AlbaPag`es-ZamoraandMarkkuJ.Heikkila¨ .................... 787 39. AMIMOplatformforresearchandeducation, T.Kaiser,A.Wilzeck,M.Berentsen,A.Camargo,X.Peng, L.Ha¨ring,S.Bieder,D.Omoke,A.Kani,O.Lazar,R.Tempel, andF.Ancona .............................................. 811 40. Real-timeprototypingofbroadbandMIMOWLANsystems, MaryseWoutersandTomHuybrechts ......................... 853 Index ............................................................... 871 Preface Itwasinthesummerof2002whentheEuropeanUnionlaunchedtheSixthFrame- work Research Programme. One of the expected outcomes of this multibillion Euro initiative was Structuring, that is, tackling the fragmentation of European researchonalargescale.Theconceptoftheso-calledNetworkofExcellence(NoE) wasborn,whichwasdesignedtostrengthenscientificandtechnologicalexcellence onaparticularresearchtopic.WithoutdoubtSmartAntennas,whichherestands foranymultiantennatechnique,isanimportantresearchtopicinwirelesscom- municationsandischaracterizedbyseverefragmentationinEurope.Indeed,after thefirststepsweretakentoestablishaproposal,itquicklyturnedoutthatmore than100institutionsfromacademiaandfromindustryweredevotingmucheffort towardsmartantennaresearch,sonotonlyfragmentationbutalsoarequiredcrit- icalmassofresourcesandofexpertisewereonhand.Bytheendof2002,theidea of a Network of Excellence for Smart Antenna Technology (NESAT) took a rather concreteshape. A series of four meetings took place up until spring 2003, where European smartantennaexpertsfurthertightenedtheirpersonallinks.Inaddition,scientists fromoverseaswerealsoinvitedtoencouragediscussionsofaworldwidescope.Al- thoughtheNESATproposalfailedinsummer2003becauseofstrongcompetition, there was immediate commitment among the network partners to demonstrate thestate-of-the-arttechnologyinsmartantennaswithintheframeworkofacom- prehensivebook. Thisbookisnowinthereaders’hands.Itconsistsofsixmajorparts,which are summarized below, and each part is split into several chapters. Most often a teamofauthorsjoiningNESATtookresponsibilityforasinglechapter,sotheto- talnumberofauthorsishardtocount.Thishasmadeitdifficulttoequallythank allinvolvedpeople,sowegenerallyapologizefortheabsenceofpersonalacknowl- edgments. Although the first multiantenna-based products have been commercially available in wireless communications for a few months, there is no doubt that smartantennaswere,are,andespeciallywillremainahottopicinresearch,even beyondthisdecade.Hence,abookaimingatcoveringthestateoftheartofthis technologyistobeseenasasnapshot.Wehopethatthisbookwillserveasacom- prehensivesurveyreflectingthesmartantennaresearchintheperiodfrom2003 to2005. Receiver Inthisfirstpartacollectionofdifferentreceiverprocessingtechniquesandpar- adigms is presented, which are all based on multielement antennas. The second x Preface chapter of this part introduces a spatiotemporal interference rejection combining (D.Aste´lyandB.Ottersten)takingintoaccountthespatialandtemporalcorrela- tionofrandomvariablesatthereceiver.Thenextchapterpresentssubspacemeth- ods for space-time processing (M. Nicoli and U. Spagnolini) which are based on theinvarianceofmultipathparametersoftheradiochannel.InmultiuserMIMO channelequalization(C.F.Mecklenbra¨ukeretal.)aspace-timematrixmodulation techniqueisproposed,whichisextendedtotheimportantcasesofrank-deficient channels and multiple users. The next chapter is devoted to a new paradigm in joint antenna combining and multiuser detection (R. Mu¨ller and L. Cottatellucci) which relies on multistage detection and certain properties of random matrices. InsynchronizationforMIMOsystems(F.Simoensetal.)theauthorsconsideriter- ativealgorithmsforestimatingtherequiredparametersforframesynchronization and phase ambiguity resolution in MIMO systems. The following chapter deals withturbodetectionandequalization(T.Matsumoto),whichrelyonaniterative channelestimationtechniqueandaspecificalgorithmthattakesintoaccountthe presence of unknown interference. In architectures for reference-based and blind multilayer detection (K.-D. Kammeyer et al.) an iterative combination of a blind sourceseparationalgorithmandasuccessiveinterferencedetectiontechniqueto- getherwithareducedcomplexitytechniqueforthesortedchanneldecomposition is proposed. Meanwhile, uplink robust adaptive beamforming (A. B. Gershman) presents state-of-the-art robust adaptive beamforming techniques to overcome spatial signature mismatches and received data nonstationarity in application to cellularmobileradiosystems.Finally,inrobustandreduced-rankspace-timedeci- sionfeedbackequalization(F.A.Dietrichetal.)anotherapproachtomitigatingthe troublesomeeffectsofunreliablechannelstateinformationatthereceiverispre- sented.Atthesametimeacombinationofthetwoparadigmsofrobustnessand reduced-ranksignalprocessingisproposed. Channel The second part on the radio channel deals with important aspects of the com- municationlinkbetweentheantennas,orrathermultipleantennasinasmartan- tennasetting.Thesecondchapteronpropagation(P.Vainikainenetal.)givesan updateonthepresentstateofknowledgeonpropagationinindoorandoutdoor environments, while in the third chapter on channel sounding measurement (R. S. Thoma¨ et al.) relevantchannel models are described and how to measurethe channelwithchannelsounders.Modellingthechannelcanbedoneinmanyways; inMIMOchannelmodels(K.Yuetal.)anoverviewofvariousmethodsisgiven. The fifth chapter channel estimation (G. Leus and A.-J. van der Veen) describes severalwaysofestimatingthechannel.Thispartconcludesbyfindingtheangular aspectsofthechannelindirection-of-arrivalestimation(M.Viberg). Transmitter Thispartprovidesseveraltransmitterdesignperspectivesaccommodatedtodif- ferentchanneltypes,statisticalvariation,andknowledge.Itbeginswithproviding Preface xi aunifiedperspectiveofthedesignoflineartransceiversforMIMOsystemsinthe caseofavailabilityofchannelstateinformation(CSI)atbothsidesofthelink.The chapter authored by D. P. Palomar elaborates on the design of linear precoders atthetransmitsideunderdifferentoptimisationcriteria.Thethirdchaptercon- sidersthesituationinwhichthetransmitterhasaccesstosomelimitedorimper- fect channel state information. Conventional space-time codes do not need any channel knowledge at the transmit side, and this is a clear advantage given the difficulties of acquiring such knowledge, but it may also be a substantial draw- backsinceCSI,whenavailableatthetransmitside,canbeusedtoimproveper- formance. This chapter, authored by G. Jo¨ngren et al., develops the concept of channel-side information-dependent codes. The fourth chapter, authored by M. JohanandW.Utschickentersintotheareaofnonlineartransmitprocessingand specificallyconsidersTomlinson-Harashimaprecoding.Thistechniquecanbeun- derstoodasageneralisationinthetransmitsideofdecisionfeedbackequalisation in the receiver. The fifth chapter considers the optimisation the different trans- missionstrategiesinamultiuserenvironment.Whenconsideringoptimisationof multiusersystems,objectivefunctionscanbedefinedbasedoneitherglobalorin- dividualperformancecriteria.Thischapter,authoredbyE.A.Jorswieck,motivates andanalysesimportantrepresentativeproblemsofbothclasses.Thelastchapter ofthispartconcentratesonthedesignoftheappropriatemultiplexingschemesin thepresenceofMIMOchannelmatrixillconditioning.Thischapter,authoredby D. Gesbert and J. Akhtar investigates the use of constellation multiplexing in an attempttorobustifyspatialmultiplexingschemes. NetworkTheory Inthispartnewtheoreticalresultsofmultiantennasystemswithspecialemphasis onnetworkaspectsarepresented.Inordertointroducethetopic,MIMOchannel capacityisexamined(A.F.MolischandF.Tufvesson)andvalidatedbymeasure- ments.Inthethirdchapterdistributedspace-timecodingtechniquesareanalyzed(S. Barbarossaetal.).Inthisconnectionashiftofparadigminwirelesscommunica- tionistakingplace,becauseherecooperationbetweenusersisnotonlyaccepted, butevenfavored.Thismakesdistributedspace-timecodinganactiveresearcharea withanumberofveryinterestingopenproblems.Inthefourthchaptertowardsa betterunderstandingofthequality-of-servicetradeoff (S.StanczakandH.Boche) the geometry of feasible QoS regions is characterized. In particular, the authors investigatedwhetherthefeasibleQoSregionisaconvexset,whichishighlybene- ficialforresourceallocationoptimization.TheproblemoffeasibleQoSregionsin thedownlinkanduplinkofmultiantennasystemswithagivenSINRissurveyed inthefifthchapterdualitytheoryforuplinkanddownlinkmultiuserbeamforming (H. Boche and M. Schubert). The duality between uplink and downlink, which allowstofindthedownlinkoptimumbysolvinganequivalentuplinkproblemin- stead,isstatedandanoptimizationstrategyfortheproblemofjointlyoptimizing beamformersandtransmitpowercanbederived.Inthesixthchapterschedulingin multiple-antennamultiple-accesschannel(H.Bocheetal.)aschedulerisdeveloped

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Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker, Joachim Wehinger, Thomas Zemen, .. field programmable gate array (FPGA) synthesis, and project and revision
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