Smart Antennas—State of the Art

863 Pages·2005·16.98 MB·English

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Smart Antennas—State of the Art
EURASIPBookSeriesonSignalProcessingandCommunications,Volume3
Smart Antennas—State of the Art
Editedby:ThomasKaiser,Andr´eBourdoux,HolgerBoche,
JavierRodr´ıguezFonollosa,JørgenBachAndersen,andWolfgangUtschick
HindawiPublishingCorporation
http://www.hindawi.com
EURASIPBookSeriesonSignalProcessingandCommunications
Editor-in-Chief:K.J.RayLiu
EditorialBoard:ZhiDing,MoncefGabbouj,PeterGrant,FerranMarque´s,MarcMoonen,
HideakiSakai,GiovanniSicuranza,BobStewart,andSergiosTheodoridis
HindawiPublishingCorporation
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Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthematerialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemaybereproducedor
utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,
oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
ISBN977-5945-09-7
Contents
Preface ............................................................ ix
PartI. Receiver
1. Introduction,WolfgangUtschick ............................... 3
2. Spatiotemporalinterferencerejectioncombining,
DavidAst´elyandBjo¨rnOttersten ............................... 5
3. Subspacemethodsforspace-timeprocessing,
M.NicoliandU.Spagnolini ................................... 27
4. MultiuserMIMOchannelequalization,
ChristophF.Mecklenbra¨uker,JoachimWehinger,ThomasZemen,
HaroldArt´es,andFranzHlawatsch ............................ 53
5. Jointantennacombiningandmultiuserdetection,
RalfMu¨llerandLauraCottatellucci ............................ 77
6. SynchronizationforMIMOsystems,
FrederikSimoens,HenkWymeersch,HeidiSteendam,
andMarcMoeneclaey ........................................ 97
7. Iterative(turbo)signalprocessingtechniquesforMIMOsignal
detectionandequalization,TadMatsumoto ................... 119
8. Architecturesforreference-basedandblindmultilayer
detection,Karl-DirkKammeyer,Ju¨rgenRinas,
andDirkWu¨bben .......................................... 147
9. Uplinkrobustadaptivebeamforming,AlexB.Gershman ....... 173
10. Robustandreduced-rankspace-timedecisionfeedback
equalization,FrankA.Dietrich,GuidoDietl,
MichaelJoham,andWolfgangUtschick ........................ 189
PartII. Channel
11. Introduction,J.BachAndersen ............................... 209
12. Propagation,P.Vainikainen,J.Kivinen,
X.Zhao,andH.El-Sallabi ................................... 211
13. Multidimensionalhigh-resolutionchannelsounding
measurement,ReinerS.Thoma¨,MarkusLandmann,
AndreasRichter,andUweTrautwein .......................... 241
14. MIMOchannelmodels,KaiYu,
MatsBengtsson,andBjo¨rnOttersten .......................... 271
15. Channelestimation,GeertLeusandAlle-JanvanderVeen ....... 293
16. Direction-of-arrivalestimation,MatsViberg .................. 321
vi Contents
PartIII. Transmitter
17. Introduction,JavierRodr´ıguezFonollosa ...................... 345
18. UnifieddesignoflineartransceiversforMIMOchannels,
DanielP´erezPalomar ....................................... 349
19. Space-timeblockcodingusingchannelsideinformation,
GeorgeJo¨ngren,MikaelSkoglund,andBjo¨rnOttersten ........... 375
20. OrderedspatialTomlinson-Harashimaprecoding,
MichaelJohamandWolfgangUtschick ........................ 401
21. TransmissionstrategiesfortheMIMOMAC,
EduardA.Jorswieck ......................................... 423
22. Transmittingoverill-conditionedMIMOchannels:
fromspatialtoconstellationmultiplexing,
DavidGesbertandJabranAkhtar ............................. 443
PartIV. NetworkTheory
23. Introduction,HolgerBoche .................................. 465
24. MIMOchannelcapacityandmeasurements,
AndreasF.MolischandFredrikTufvesson ...................... 467
25. Distributedspace-timecodingtechniquesformultihop
networks,SergioBarbarossa,GesualdoScutari,
andLoretoPescosolido ....................................... 491
26. TowardsabetterunderstandingoftheQoStradeoff
inmultiusermultiple-antennasystems,
SlawomirStanczakandHolgerBoche .......................... 521
27. Dualitytheoryforuplinkanddownlinkmultiuser
beamforming,HolgerBocheandMartinSchubert .............. 545
28. Schedulinginmultiple-antennamultiple-accesschannel,
HolgerBoche,MarcinWiczanowski,andThomasHaustein ....... 577
PartV. Technology
29. Technology,Andr´eBourdoux ................................ 615
30. Antennadesignformultiantennasystems,
ChristianWaldschmidt,WernerSo¨rgel,andWernerWiesbeck ..... 617
31. Radioarchitecturesformultiple-antennasystems,D.Evans ..... 641
32. Transceivernonidealitiesinmultiantennasystems,
Andr´eBourdouxandJianLiu ................................ 651
33. Multipleantennasfor4Gwirelesssystems,
Fran¸coisHorlin,FrederikPetr´e,EduardoLopez-Estraviz,
andFrederikNaessens ....................................... 683
34. Demonstratorsandtestbeds,AndreasBurgandMarkusRupp ... 705
Contents vii
PartVI. ApplicationsandSystems
35. Introduction,ThomasKaiser ................................ 727
36. SmartantennasolutionsforUMTS,
AndreasCzylwik,ArminDekorsy,andBatuChalise ............. 729
37. UMTSlink-leveldemonstrationswithsmartantennas,
KlemensFreudenthaler,MarioHuemer,LinusMaurer,
SteffenPaul,andMarkusRupp ............................... 759
38. MIMOsystemsfortheHSDPAFDDmodeUMTSservice,
AlbaPag`es-ZamoraandMarkkuJ.Heikkila¨ .................... 787
39. AMIMOplatformforresearchandeducation,
T.Kaiser,A.Wilzeck,M.Berentsen,A.Camargo,X.Peng,
L.Ha¨ring,S.Bieder,D.Omoke,A.Kani,O.Lazar,R.Tempel,
andF.Ancona .............................................. 811
40. Real-timeprototypingofbroadbandMIMOWLANsystems,
MaryseWoutersandTomHuybrechts ......................... 853
Index ............................................................... 871
Preface
Itwasinthesummerof2002whentheEuropeanUnionlaunchedtheSixthFrame-
work Research Programme. One of the expected outcomes of this multibillion
Euro initiative was Structuring, that is, tackling the fragmentation of European
researchonalargescale.Theconceptoftheso-calledNetworkofExcellence(NoE)
wasborn,whichwasdesignedtostrengthenscientificandtechnologicalexcellence
onaparticularresearchtopic.WithoutdoubtSmartAntennas,whichherestands
foranymultiantennatechnique,isanimportantresearchtopicinwirelesscom-
municationsandischaracterizedbyseverefragmentationinEurope.Indeed,after
thefirststepsweretakentoestablishaproposal,itquicklyturnedoutthatmore
than100institutionsfromacademiaandfromindustryweredevotingmucheffort
towardsmartantennaresearch,sonotonlyfragmentationbutalsoarequiredcrit-
icalmassofresourcesandofexpertisewereonhand.Bytheendof2002,theidea
of a Network of Excellence for Smart Antenna Technology (NESAT) took a rather
concreteshape.
A series of four meetings took place up until spring 2003, where European
smartantennaexpertsfurthertightenedtheirpersonallinks.Inaddition,scientists
fromoverseaswerealsoinvitedtoencouragediscussionsofaworldwidescope.Al-
thoughtheNESATproposalfailedinsummer2003becauseofstrongcompetition,
there was immediate commitment among the network partners to demonstrate
thestate-of-the-arttechnologyinsmartantennaswithintheframeworkofacom-
prehensivebook.
Thisbookisnowinthereaders’hands.Itconsistsofsixmajorparts,which
are summarized below, and each part is split into several chapters. Most often a
teamofauthorsjoiningNESATtookresponsibilityforasinglechapter,sotheto-
talnumberofauthorsishardtocount.Thishasmadeitdifficulttoequallythank
allinvolvedpeople,sowegenerallyapologizefortheabsenceofpersonalacknowl-
edgments.
Although the first multiantenna-based products have been commercially
available in wireless communications for a few months, there is no doubt that
smartantennaswere,are,andespeciallywillremainahottopicinresearch,even
beyondthisdecade.Hence,abookaimingatcoveringthestateoftheartofthis
technologyistobeseenasasnapshot.Wehopethatthisbookwillserveasacom-
prehensivesurveyreflectingthesmartantennaresearchintheperiodfrom2003
to2005.
Receiver
Inthisfirstpartacollectionofdifferentreceiverprocessingtechniquesandpar-
adigms is presented, which are all based on multielement antennas. The second
x Preface
chapter of this part introduces a spatiotemporal interference rejection combining
(D.Aste´lyandB.Ottersten)takingintoaccountthespatialandtemporalcorrela-
tionofrandomvariablesatthereceiver.Thenextchapterpresentssubspacemeth-
ods for space-time processing (M. Nicoli and U. Spagnolini) which are based on
theinvarianceofmultipathparametersoftheradiochannel.InmultiuserMIMO
channelequalization(C.F.Mecklenbra¨ukeretal.)aspace-timematrixmodulation
techniqueisproposed,whichisextendedtotheimportantcasesofrank-deficient
channels and multiple users. The next chapter is devoted to a new paradigm in
joint antenna combining and multiuser detection (R. Mu¨ller and L. Cottatellucci)
which relies on multistage detection and certain properties of random matrices.
InsynchronizationforMIMOsystems(F.Simoensetal.)theauthorsconsideriter-
ativealgorithmsforestimatingtherequiredparametersforframesynchronization
and phase ambiguity resolution in MIMO systems. The following chapter deals
withturbodetectionandequalization(T.Matsumoto),whichrelyonaniterative
channelestimationtechniqueandaspecificalgorithmthattakesintoaccountthe
presence of unknown interference. In architectures for reference-based and blind
multilayer detection (K.-D. Kammeyer et al.) an iterative combination of a blind
sourceseparationalgorithmandasuccessiveinterferencedetectiontechniqueto-
getherwithareducedcomplexitytechniqueforthesortedchanneldecomposition
is proposed. Meanwhile, uplink robust adaptive beamforming (A. B. Gershman)
presents state-of-the-art robust adaptive beamforming techniques to overcome
spatial signature mismatches and received data nonstationarity in application to
cellularmobileradiosystems.Finally,inrobustandreduced-rankspace-timedeci-
sionfeedbackequalization(F.A.Dietrichetal.)anotherapproachtomitigatingthe
troublesomeeffectsofunreliablechannelstateinformationatthereceiverispre-
sented.Atthesametimeacombinationofthetwoparadigmsofrobustnessand
reduced-ranksignalprocessingisproposed.
Channel
The second part on the radio channel deals with important aspects of the com-
municationlinkbetweentheantennas,orrathermultipleantennasinasmartan-
tennasetting.Thesecondchapteronpropagation(P.Vainikainenetal.)givesan
updateonthepresentstateofknowledgeonpropagationinindoorandoutdoor
environments, while in the third chapter on channel sounding measurement (R.
S. Thoma¨ et al.) relevantchannel models are described and how to measurethe
channelwithchannelsounders.Modellingthechannelcanbedoneinmanyways;
inMIMOchannelmodels(K.Yuetal.)anoverviewofvariousmethodsisgiven.
The fifth chapter channel estimation (G. Leus and A.-J. van der Veen) describes
severalwaysofestimatingthechannel.Thispartconcludesbyfindingtheangular
aspectsofthechannelindirection-of-arrivalestimation(M.Viberg).
Transmitter
Thispartprovidesseveraltransmitterdesignperspectivesaccommodatedtodif-
ferentchanneltypes,statisticalvariation,andknowledge.Itbeginswithproviding
Preface xi
aunifiedperspectiveofthedesignoflineartransceiversforMIMOsystemsinthe
caseofavailabilityofchannelstateinformation(CSI)atbothsidesofthelink.The
chapter authored by D. P. Palomar elaborates on the design of linear precoders
atthetransmitsideunderdifferentoptimisationcriteria.Thethirdchaptercon-
sidersthesituationinwhichthetransmitterhasaccesstosomelimitedorimper-
fect channel state information. Conventional space-time codes do not need any
channel knowledge at the transmit side, and this is a clear advantage given the
difficulties of acquiring such knowledge, but it may also be a substantial draw-
backsinceCSI,whenavailableatthetransmitside,canbeusedtoimproveper-
formance. This chapter, authored by G. Jo¨ngren et al., develops the concept of
channel-side information-dependent codes. The fourth chapter, authored by M.
JohanandW.Utschickentersintotheareaofnonlineartransmitprocessingand
specificallyconsidersTomlinson-Harashimaprecoding.Thistechniquecanbeun-
derstoodasageneralisationinthetransmitsideofdecisionfeedbackequalisation
in the receiver. The fifth chapter considers the optimisation the different trans-
missionstrategiesinamultiuserenvironment.Whenconsideringoptimisationof
multiusersystems,objectivefunctionscanbedefinedbasedoneitherglobalorin-
dividualperformancecriteria.Thischapter,authoredbyE.A.Jorswieck,motivates
andanalysesimportantrepresentativeproblemsofbothclasses.Thelastchapter
ofthispartconcentratesonthedesignoftheappropriatemultiplexingschemesin
thepresenceofMIMOchannelmatrixillconditioning.Thischapter,authoredby
D. Gesbert and J. Akhtar investigates the use of constellation multiplexing in an
attempttorobustifyspatialmultiplexingschemes.
NetworkTheory
Inthispartnewtheoreticalresultsofmultiantennasystemswithspecialemphasis
onnetworkaspectsarepresented.Inordertointroducethetopic,MIMOchannel
capacityisexamined(A.F.MolischandF.Tufvesson)andvalidatedbymeasure-
ments.Inthethirdchapterdistributedspace-timecodingtechniquesareanalyzed(S.
Barbarossaetal.).Inthisconnectionashiftofparadigminwirelesscommunica-
tionistakingplace,becauseherecooperationbetweenusersisnotonlyaccepted,
butevenfavored.Thismakesdistributedspace-timecodinganactiveresearcharea
withanumberofveryinterestingopenproblems.Inthefourthchaptertowardsa
betterunderstandingofthequality-of-servicetradeoff (S.StanczakandH.Boche)
the geometry of feasible QoS regions is characterized. In particular, the authors
investigatedwhetherthefeasibleQoSregionisaconvexset,whichishighlybene-
ficialforresourceallocationoptimization.TheproblemoffeasibleQoSregionsin
thedownlinkanduplinkofmultiantennasystemswithagivenSINRissurveyed
inthefifthchapterdualitytheoryforuplinkanddownlinkmultiuserbeamforming
(H. Boche and M. Schubert). The duality between uplink and downlink, which
allowstofindthedownlinkoptimumbysolvinganequivalentuplinkproblemin-
stead,isstatedandanoptimizationstrategyfortheproblemofjointlyoptimizing
beamformersandtransmitpowercanbederived.Inthesixthchapterschedulingin
multiple-antennamultiple-accesschannel(H.Bocheetal.)aschedulerisdeveloped