Small Hydropower For Asian Rural Development 1981

353 Pages·1981·18.56 MB·English

A project of Volunteers in Asia

.
I Hy~opower for AslanaI
Development
Proceedings of a Workshop on Small-Scale Hydropower
Applications in Asian Rural Settings

Edited by: Colin R. Elliott

Published by:
Renewable Energy Resources Information Center
on the behalf of:
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
1800 Massachusetts Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20036

Available from: National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Renewable Energy Resources information Center

Reproduced with permission.

Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same
restrictions as those of the origina! document.

Not to be reprinted without written authority

The Sponsoring Organisations are not responsible
either for the statements made or for the opinions
expressed in this volume.

Copyright 0
1983, NRECA

Published by the Renewable Energy Resources
Information Center (RERIC) on behalf of the National
Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA)

SMALL HYDRQPOVVER
FQR ASIAN RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

The Proceedings of a Workshop
on Small-Scale Hydropower Technology
Applications in Asian Rural Settings

held at

The Asian Institute of Technology
Bangkok, Thailand
June 8 - 12,198l

EDITED BY :
@din R. Elliott

Co-spomored
by :

The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB)
and the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA)
in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for international Development (USAID)

Preface

The spot fuel shortages and souring energy prices of the 19 70’s signolled the beginning of G new economic
reality worldwide.
Now, as once abundant reserves of fossil fuels continue
to diminish,
the age of inexpensive
energy to power the global economy has come to an end.
While SpiralZing energy costs have threatened living standards in many industrialized
countries, their impact on
energy-importing
countries in the developing world is even more pronounced.
Over the pust decade, actual expen-
ditures for imported
oil by these countries have risen nearly tenfold.
In
developing countries,
where foreign
exchange and investment capital is frequently
scarce, each barrel of imported oil represents a diversion of hard-won
capital from critically-needed
development programs. For many, the cost of imported energy may mark the fine
line between economic survival and collapse.
The worldwide
energy shortage has stimulated
international
interest in untapped nondepletctble
sources of
energy.
One such enera source is hydroelectric
power generated by smull powerplants.
Small hydro plants can
provide uff
d bl
or a
e, reliable electro-mechanicalpower
to many areas of the world that are now without
energy,
particularly
in isolated rural communities
where the cost of transporting
fuels and building
transmission lines is
high.
Small hydro. technology
has been well-developed for many years and, unlike conventional
thermal energy
technology,
is not dependent
on
unreliable and costly sources of fixel. If properly conceived and developed, small
hydro systems are not expensive to operate and maintain and c’ar’t provide an eff’ ’
rcren t source of power for decades.
Given toduy ‘s uncet tainties about global energy supplies, many deueloping nations, most prominently
those in the
Asian und South I%cifi:c region, are turning to smoll hydropower
as a significant
component
of their energy de-
velopment progrums.
This workshop,
conducted
under a centrally.finded
cooperative agreement between the U.S. Agency for
International
Development (AID)
and the Nfltional
Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), and cospon-
sored by the Asian Institute
of Technology and the National Economic and Social Development Board of Thailand,
was one of a series of workshops designed to illuminate
issues and problems associated with the development
<,f
small hydra s&emes in developing countries.
The workshops are one
part of a larger effort,
the Small Decentra
lired Hydropower
(SDH) Program, whose objective is to enhance NRECA’s technical capabilities
in the field of
small (1 MW or less) hydropower
and to make this expertise available to developing countries. The SDH Program,
in the course of its project activities, has cLFsembled a team of specialists to provide in-country
consulting senrices in
areas such as plant siting, project design, economic and technical fhsibility
studies, environmental/social
impact
wtalysis, institutional
deuelopment,
and training.
A wide variety
of informational
and instructional
activities
have been deueloped by the SDH team. This workshop, and others held in Latin America and Africa, provides an
opportunity
to share the results of this ongoing effort with inditkkak
and organizations
in developing countries
active in the field of small hydro development.
Over one hundred purticipcnts
attended the “Small Hydropower
for Asian Rural Development”
workshop,
including
delegates from fifteen
countries in the Asian and South Pacific region: Australia,
BWWIG,
Bangladesh,
Fiji, India, Indonesia, M&ysia,
Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Qeople’s Republic of China, Philippines,
Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. A complete list of participants
Gppf?UiS
at the back of this volume.
The workshop featured thirteen paper presentations on technical, economic, social, financial,
and institutional
issues which were followed
by a series of small workshop discussion groups in the areas of resource assessment and
site selection;
technology:
issues, design, manufacture,
and operation;
social impacts, community
participation,
and ins&u tional issues; and economic feasibility
and financicrl tisues. Four spscial case-study presentations
were
made on mini-hydro
activities in Indonesia, the Philippines,
Malaysia, and
the People’s Republic of China. In addi-
tion to these, four slide presentations
were made in place of a scheduled field trip, cancelled due to inclement

weather, which do not appear in these proceedings. Finally,
two panel discussions were held to e :amine contrasting
views on centralized
versus decentrtilized
approaches to mini-hydropower
development.
The country
projil~~,
which appear in Part I of this volume, were prepared by the delegations representing their respective countries. *
The workshop was held at the Atiim Institute of Technology,
which was established in 19.59 to meet the grcrw-
ing need jr
advanced engineering education
in Asia. Supported by donations from numerous governments and
international
organizations, A.?T has an twrollment o-f about 500 students from 35 nations. An intematiomzl faculty
of 65 offers postgraduate
courses in nine academic divisions. AIT also maintains a strong continuing
education
pro, y-am, of which this workshop was a part, to disseminate information
throughout
the region.
This workshop would not have been possible without
the assistance of many people. Special thanks ?;1ust go
to: at the Asian Institute
of Technology,
Dr. Robert Banks, President; Dr. M. Nawaz Sharii
Vice President for
Academic Affairs;
Dr. Nicanor
Austriaco,
Director,
Continuing
Education
Center; Dr. R.H.B. Exell, Associate
Chairman, Energy Technology Division;
Dr. Jacques Valls, Director, Library and Regional Documentation
Center;
and the students and support staff for theirparticipation,
planning, administrative
management, and local awange-
ments; at the National
Economic
and Social Development
Board of Thailand,
Piromsakdi Laparojkit,
Director,
Energy Planning Sector; at the Nationai
Energy Administration
of Thailand, kepath
Prcmanni, Deputy Secretary
General; at the Provincial
Electricity
Authority,
Dr. Chulapongs Chullakesa, Depurtment
Manager and Project
Director, Office of Rural Electrification;
at the Electricity
Generating Authority
of Thailand, Srid Aphaiphuminart,
Director,
Planning Department,
for their invaluable assistance, cooperation,
and advice; at the US. Agency for
International
Development
in Bangkok, Donald D. Cohen, Director; Robert Queerer, Assistant Director; Rod Mac-
Donald, Chief Engineer, Off’ rce of Engineering, Science and Technology;
and Mintara Silawatshananai,
Engineer,
Office of Engineering,
Science and Technology;
at the U.S. Agency for International
Development
in Washington,
DC., Alan Jacobs, Director,
Energy Off rce, Science and Technology Directorate;
Robert Ichord, Energy Advisor,
Ojfice of Technical
Resources, Asia Bureau; Hassan Hassan, Chief Engineer, Asia Bureau; Jane Stanley, Environ-
mental Office, Asia Bureau, for their long hours of planning,
overall assistunce, and direction;
at the Smull Decen-
tralized Hydropower
Program ojfice of NRECA, Paul Clark, Training and Information
Specialist;Jean
Chin, Secre-
tary; John Mashaw, management consultant
at NRECA’s Management Services Division, jot their long hours of
planning, management, and overall coordination;
at the National Research Council oaf Thailand, Dr. Boon Indram-
barya, for serving the plenary sessions as moderator; and last but not least, the workshop participants,
particularly
those who presented papers, served on panels, and the moderators and resource people for the workshops. Special
recognition
should be paid to Bob Yoder, Mark Henwood, Ibnu Subroto, Zenaida Santos, and Percy Favored, who
presented valuable slide programs $3n Thursday of the workshop week at very short notice.

*A summary of the program is given on p. 353

Contents

PAGE

The Context
of the Workshop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

by David R. Zoellner

PART I
Country
Profiles

Bangladesh
Burma ..............................................................................................................................................

z

Fiji ..........................................................................
12

India .........................................................................
13

Indonesia ......................................................................
17

Malaysia
......................................................................
19

Nepal
........................................................................
20

Pakistan .......................................................................
28

PapuaNewGuinea
................................................................
39

People’s Republic
of China ..........................................................
33

Philippines
.....................................................................
35
Sri Lanka ......................................................................
36
Thailand
......................................................................
46

PART II
Papers

SECTION
1
Overview

Mini-Hydropower
and the Asian Energy Problem.
. . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
by S. N. Vinze

The Planning of Mini-Micro
Hydropower
Projects
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
by Mohar Singh Conga

Water Resources Planning for Mini-Hydropower:
An Overview of Water Resources in Asia ..,.............
56

by Suphat
Vongvisessomjai

Energy Needs in Rural Development:
The Case for Mini-Hydropower
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
by Chulapongs
Chullakesa

SECTION
2
Techndogy

Small Hydropower:
Hydrological
Methodology
Without
Streamflow
Data , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
by Norman H. Crawford

Fundamentals
of Hydraulic
Turbine
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
by Royer E.A. Arndt

Site Location
and Civil Works Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
by Allen R. lnversin

Electrical
Aspects of Mini-Hydropower
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
by Bard Jackson

Operation
and Maintenance.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
by Gary Kitching

SECTION 3
Economics and Evaluation

Considerations,
Sources and Requirements
to Finance Small-Scale Hydroelectric
Systems.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
by Jorge R. Asin

Economic
Feasibility
of Small Hydroelectric
Projects in Asian Development.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
by Mark Henmod

Productive
End-Use of Mini-Hydropower
for Rural Development.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
by DanW Boyle

Evaluation
Criteria for Small Decentralized
Hydropower
Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
by Judith
H.