Small Farm Grain Storage. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Manual M-2.

510 Pages·2008·5.95 MB·English

it
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 241 766
CE 038 570
AUTHOR
Lindblad, Carl; Druben, Laurel
TITLE
Small Farm Grain Storage. Appropriate Technologies
for Development. Manual M-2.
INSTITUTION
Burton International School, Detroit, MI.
PUB DATE
Sep 76
NOTE
564p.; Produced in conjunction with Volunteers in
Technical Assistance (VITA). Manual has alternative
series number of 35E.
PUB TYPE
Guider - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052)
EDRS PRICE
MF02/PC23 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Adult Education; *Adult Farmer Education-
Agricultural Ediwation; Agricultural Production;
*Developing Nations; Farmers; *Grains (Food);
Instructional Materials; *Pests; *Storage; Vocational
Education
*Small Farms
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
Ddsigned as a working and teaching tool for
development workers in their field activities, this manual combines
in one volume the basic principles of grain storage and the practical
solutions currently being used and tested around the world to combat
grain storage problems. Each of six sections begins with informative
material on the topic to be discussed and provides other types of
materials with suggestions for their use. The sections cover the
grain storage problem; grain as a living thing; grain, moisture, and
air; preparing grain for storage; grain dryer models; enemies of
stored grain (insects and rodents); and storage methods. Materials
may be used to lead discussions with farmers and village leaders.
Suggestions are given for demonstrations and experiments to
illustrate grain storage principles to farmers. Some material is
prepared in the form of illustrated leaflets for use directly with a
farmer or for adaptation as needed. Some construction plans are fully
illustrated for farmer use. Others are written and can be translated.
Material useful for small -scale farmers is simplified and prepared in
checklist or handout form. Appendixes include examples of different
ways to present grain storage information from Asia, Africa, and
South America; information on moisture meters; material on use of
insecticides; waterproofing methods; and a bibliography, (YLB)
***********************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
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INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE
Peace Corps' Information Collection & EXchange (ICE) was
established so that the strategies and technologies devel-
oped by Peace Corps Vblunteers, their co-workers, and'their
-counterparts could be made available to the wide range of
development organizations and individual workers who might
find them useful.
Training guides, curricula, lesson plans,
project reports, manuals and other Peace Corps-generated
materials developed in the field are collected and reviewed.
Some are reprinted 'as is"; others provide a source of field
based information for the production of manuals or for re-
search in particular program areas.
Materials that you sub-
mit to the Information Collection & EXchange thus become
part of the Peace Corps' larger contribution to development.
Information about ICE publications and services is available
through:
Peace COrps
Information Collection & EXchange
Office of Programming & Training Coordination
806 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.O.
20525
Add your experience to the ICE Resource Center. Send ma-
terials that you've prepared so that we can share them
with others working in the development field.
Your tech-
nical insights serve as the basis for the generation of
ICE manuals, reprints and resource packets, and also
ensure that ICE is providing the most updated, innovative
problem-solving techniques and information available to
you and your fellow development workers.
Peace Corps
SMALL FARM GRAIN STORAGE
BY
CARL LINDBLAD) PEACE CORPS
AND
LAUREL DRUBEN) VITA
VOLUNTEERS IN TECHNICAL
PEACE CORPS
ASSISTANCE
INFORMATION COLLECTION AND
VITA PUBLICATIONS
EXCHANGE
35E
MANUAL SERIES NUMBER
MANUAL SERIES
NUMBER 2
SEPTEMBER 1976
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
)
INTRODUCTORY
WHAT THIS MANUAL WILL TALK ABOUT:
THE GRAIN
SECTION 1:
STORAGE PROBLEM
GRAIN IS A LIVING THING
SECTION 2:
GRAIN, MOISTURE, AND AIR
SECTION 3:
PREPARING GRAIN FOR STORAGE
SECTION 4:
GRAIN DRYER MODELS
SECTION 5:
ENEMIES OF STORED GRAIN
SECTION 6:
PART 1:INSECTS
RODENTS
PART 2:
STORAGE METHODS
SECTION 7:
APPENDICES A - Presentation of Information
B - Moisture Meters
- Insecticide Use
D - Waterproofing
E - The Volunteer Role
F - Bibliography
CONVERSION TABLES
.
What the Sections Contain
INTRODUCTORY
The Purpose of the Manual; The People Who Prepared This
Manual; How To Use This Manual; Reply Form
WHAT THIS MANUAL WILL TALK ABOUT:
SECTION 1:
THE GRAIN STORAGE PROBLEM
Introduction; Good Grain Storage Is Important to Farmers;
Grain Is a Living Thing; What Happens to Grain in Storage;
Good Grain Storage Depends Upon Better Drying and Setter
Storing; "Good Grain Storage Helps Farmers"; Illustrations
GRAIN IS A LIVING THING
SECTION 2:
Characteristics of Grain and How They Affect Storage;
"Grain Is a Living Thing"
GRAIN, MOISTURE, AND AIR
SECTION 3:
What Moisture Is; Moisture in Grain; Moisture in the Air;
How Air, Moisture, and Grain Interact; Safe Moisture Levels
in Grain; Movement of Moisture in Stored Grain; Where You
Are Now
PREPARING GRAIN FOR STORAGE
SECTION 4:
Introduction; Harvesting and Threshing; Cleaning; The Need
for Drying; How Drying Happens; Safe Drying Temperatures;
Testing Grain for Moisture Content; "Preparing Grain for
Storage"
GRAIN DRYER MODELS
SECTION 5:
Sun Drying Using Plastic Sheets; The Improved Maize Drying
and Storage Crib; Newer Drying Methods; A Simple Oil Barrel
Dryer; Instructions for Using the Oil Barrel Dryers; The Pit
Oil. Barrel Dryer; Philippines Rice Dryer; Solar Dryers:
Operating Instructions
Part 1:
Construction; and Part 2:
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APPENDICES
Different Ways To Present Grain Storage Information
APPENDIX A:
Information on Moisture Meters
APPENDIX B:
Material from Guidelines for the Use of Insecticides
APPENDIX C:
Waterproofing Methods -- Material from Waterproofing
APPENDIX D:
Soil Construction
Working Paper on the Volunteer Role in Grain Storage:
APPENDIX E:
"Problems Related to Popularizing New Farm-level
Grain Storage Technology"
Reprint of Listings Prepared by the
Bibliography:
APPENDIX F:
Tropical Products Institute, London
CONVERSION TABLES
0
THE PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL
This manual brings together knowledge from two different kinds of deyelo0-
ment organizations involved in finding low-cost, appropriate solutions to
problems in the Third world- -the United States Peace Corps and. ITA, Volun-
teers in Technical Assfstance.
The Peace Corps has information to share about grain storage based on the
practical field experience.of Volunteers living and working at the grass
roots level in numerous countries.
VITA contributes the technical expertise
Too often, it see
of its specialists.
j innovative techniques for small
Kt
-approaches too often are applied
farms do not reach the field, and fiel
True, it is good to design a
only in the area where they were develop d.
silo which is not too expensive for a farmer to build.
It is even better
to plan a silo which is cheap and keeps out insects.
But of what value is
the plan if only a few farmers know about it?...or if other farmers cannot
adapt it to suit their needs?. It was'to bring such plans and new ideas to
farmers worldwide that Peace Corps and VITA prepared this manual.
Small Farm Grain Store e is ahow-to manual.
It is designed as a working
and teaching tool for development workers in their field activities.
Grain
storage information is basic and straightforward; it is presented in a
form easily adapted to on-the-job needs.
The manual brings together in one
volume the basic principles of grain storage and the practical solutions
currently being used and tested around the world to combat grain storage
problems. .0f course, it is impossible in a single publication to cover all
the possible storage situations in the world.
But farmers who understand
the basic, unchanging principles of drying and storing grain can adapt
ideas, suggestions, and technologies from another part of the world to their
own situations.
This manual is the first of a planned PC/VITA series.
Future manuals will
focus on such areas of concern as reforestation, fish culture, and wells.
construction.
vi
THE PEOPLE WHO PREPARED THIS MANUAL
Small Farm GrainiStorageis the first in a planned series of publications'
combining Peace COrps practical field experience with VITA technical
expertise in areas in which development workers halm special - difficulties
finding useful resource materials.
Since 1961 Peace Corps Volunteers have worked at the grass roots level in
countries around the world in program areas such as agriculture, public
health, and education.
Before beginning their two-year assignments,
Volun-
.
teers are given training in cross-cultural, technica4and language skill's.
This training helps them to live and work closely with the people of their
host countries.
It helps them, too, to approach development problems with
new ideas that make use of locally available resources and are appropriate
to the local cultures.
Recently Peace Corps established an InfOrmation Collection & Exchange, so
that these ideas developed during service in the field could be made
available to the wide range of development workers who might find them
Materials from the field are now being collected, reviewed, and
useful.
classified in the Information Collection & Exchange system.
The most useful
The Information
materials will be shared with the development world.
Collection & Exchange provides an important source of field-based research
materials for the production of how-to manuals such as Small Farm Grain
Storage.
VITA people are specialists who volunteer their free time to answer
requests for technical assistance.
Many VITA Volunteers have lived and
worked in other countries, often as Peace Corps Volunteers.
Most VITA
people now work in the United States and other developed countries where
they are engineers, doctors, scientists, farmers, architects, writers,
artists, and so on.
But they continue to work with people in other countries
VITA Volunteers have been providing technical assistance
through VITA.
to the Third World for more than 15 years.
Requests for technical assistance come to VITA from many nations.
Each
request is handled by a Volunteer with the right skills.
For example, a
question about grain storage in Latin America might be handled by a professor
of agriculture, and a request -for an improved planting implement would go
to an agricultural engineer.
These VITA Volunteers, most of whom have lived
and worked in Third World countries, are familiar with the special problems
of these areas and are able to give useful, and appropriate, answers.
A number of VITA people worked on the Small Farm Grain Storage manual,
Manythanks are due to the
providing technical review and artwork.
skilled and concerned Peace Corps and VITA people, as well as to numerous
others, who worked to make this manual possible.
vii
N."
NN,
staff assistance -- John Goodell
\-.N
materials on section 4 -- Frederick Bueae,
0ouglas Barnes, Merle EgoO, Henry Highland,
technical review
Lerry Van Fossen, Harold Willson, Kenton Harris
artwork -- George Clark, John Goodell, Kenneth Lloyd, Nicholas Reinhardt,
Guy Welch
Thanks are also extended to the following individuals and institutions
that provided invaluable assistance in the early stages of work on themanual.
Francis Luzzatto, Peace Corps Office of Multilateral and Special Programs
Mary Ernmergerand Margot Aronson, Peace Corps Program and Training Journal, USA
Brenda*Gates, Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange, USA
Tropical. Stored Products Center, TPI, Great Britain
Henry Barre and Floyd Herum, Agricultural Engineering Department, Dhio State
University, USA
Department of Groin-Science and Industry, Kansas State University-, USA
Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, USA
Extension Project Implementation Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia
F.W. Bennett, Midwest Rese4rch Institute, USA
Supervised Agricultural Credit Programs, SACP, Belize
Peter Giles, Nicaragua
Donald Pfalser, Agricultural Cooperatives Development International, ACDI, USA
Technical Assistance Bureau, US Agency for International Development;TAT
International Development Research Center, University of Alberta, Canada
League for International Food Education, LIFE, USA
Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropialis et des Cultures Vivrieres,
IRAT, France
Post-WFVest Crop Protection Project, University of Hawaii, USA
Agricultural Engineering Service, FAO
African Rural Storage Center, IITA, Nigetia
Institute for Agricultural ResaFa, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria
Swaziland Rural Grain Storage Project
Jim McDowell, Food Technology and Nutrition Section, UNICEF, Kenya
Gordon Yadcuik, Centre Nationale de Recherches Agronomiques, CNRA, Senegal
R.A. Boxall, Indian Grain Storage Institute, A.P., India
Siribonse Boon-Long, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, Thailand
Asian Institute of Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Merrick LOckwood, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council
International Rice Research Institute, IRRI, Philippines
Dante de Padua, University of Los BanosTFfillippines
1'