Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques and Applications

198 Pages·2014·37.55 MB·English

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Small Antennas: Miniaturization
Techniques and Applications
Guest Editors: Wenhua Yu, Wenxing Li, Dau-chyrh Chang,
and Yingsong Li
Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques
and Applications
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques
and Applications
Guest Editors: Wenhua Yu, Wenxing Li, Dau-chyrh Chang,
and Yingsong Li
Copyright©2014HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“InternationalJournalofAntennasandPropagation.”Allarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributed
undertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,pro-
videdtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Editorial Board
AnaAlejos,Spain JunpingGeng,China AnandaS.Mohan,Australia
MohammodAli,USA ClaudioGennarelli,Italy MarcoMussetta,Italy
JaumeAnguera,Spain RoccoGuerriero,Italy N.Nasimuddin,Singapore
ErcumentArvas,USA KerimGuney,Turkey MiguelNavarro-Cia,UK
AlexeiAshikhmin,USA SongGuo,Japan MouradNedil,Canada
HerveAubert,France QianHe,China PavelNikitin,USA
PaoloBaccarelli,Italy MohamedHimdi,France SymeonNikolaou,Cyprus
XiulongBao,Ireland Heng-TungHsu,Taiwan GiacomoOliveri,Italy
ToniBjo¨rninen,Finland JunHu,China AthanasiosD.Panagopoulos,Greece
DjuradjS.Budimir,UK YiHuang,UK IkmoPark,Korea
PaoloBurghignoli,Italy TamerS.Ibrahim,USA MatteoPastorino,Italy
ShahN.Burokur,France MohammadT.Islam,Malaysia MugenPeng,China
GiuseppeCastaldi,Italy WeixiangJiang,China MassimilianoPieraccini,Italy
FelipeCa´tedra,Spain M.R.Kamarudin,Malaysia XianmingQing,Singapore
Dau-ChyrhChang,Taiwan NemaiKarmakar,Australia AhmadSafaai-Jazi,USA
Chih-HuaChang,Taiwan Se-YunKim,RepublicofKorea SafieddinSafavi-Naeini,Canada
DebChatterjee,USA KyeongJinKim,USA MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,Spain
ShihYuanChen,Taiwan AhmedA.Kishk,Canada StefanoSelleri,Italy
YuJianCheng,China SlawomirKoziel,Iceland JohnJ.Shynk,USA
MichaelY.W.Chia,Singapore SelvanT.Krishnasamy,India PrabhakarSingh,India
RenatoCicchetti,Italy LuisLandesa,Spain RaffaeleSolimene,Italy
LorenzoCrocco,Italy JoshuaLe-WeiLi,China Seong-YoupSuh,USA
ClaudioCurcio,Italy Ding-BingLin,Taiwan ShengSun,HongKong
FrancescoD’Agostino,Italy AngeloLiseno,Italy LarbiTalbi,Canada
MariaE.DeCos,Spain GiampieroLovat,Italy LucianoTarricone,Italy
TayebA.Denidni,Canada LorenzoLuini,Italy ParveenWahid,USA
GiuseppeDiMassa,Italy JoseM.M.G.Pardo,Spain YuanxunEthanWang,USA
MicheleD’Urso,Italy AtsushiMase,Japan Wen-QinWang,China
FranciscoFalcone,Spain DiegoMasotti,Italy ShiwenYang,China
QuanyuanFeng,China GiuseppeMazzarella,Italy YuanYao,China
MiguelFerrandoBataller,Spain C.F.Mecklenbra¨uker,Austria TatSoonYeo,Singapore
FlaminioFerrara,Italy MassimoMigliozzi,Italy JingjingZhang,Denmark
VincenzoGaldi,Italy MarkMirotznik,USA
FeifeiGao,China AhmedT.Mobashsher,Australia
Contents
SmallAntennas:MiniaturizationTechniquesandApplications,WenhuaYu,WenxingLi,
Dau-ChyrhChang,andYingsongLi
Volume2014,ArticleID134103,1pages
AnEffectiveTechniqueforEnhancingDirectionFindingPerformanceofVirtualArrays,WenxingLi,
XiaojunMao,WenhuaYu,andChongyiYue
Volume2014,ArticleID728463,7pages
ACompactVivaldiShapedPartiallyDielectricLoadedTEMHornAntennaforUWBCommunication,
Mustafa˙Ilarslan,A.SerdarTu¨rk,SalihDemirel,M.EmreAydemir,andA.KenanKeskin
Volume2014,ArticleID847169,6pages
TripleBandParasiticArrayAntennaforC-X-Ku-BandApplicationUsingOut-of-PhaseCoupling
Approach,AnubhutiKhareandRajeshNema
Volume2014,ArticleID716829,9pages
UltrasubwavelengthFerroelectricLeakyWaveAntennainaPlanarSubstrate-Superstrate
Configuration,G.Lovat,P.Burghignoli,R.Araneo,andS.Celozzi
Volume2014,ArticleID193690,9pages
LowSAR,SimplePrintedCompactMultibandAntennaforMobileandWirelessCommunication
Applications,K.S.Sultan,H.H.Abdullah,andE.A.Abdallah
Volume2014,ArticleID946781,8pages
AntennaMiniaturizationwithMEMSTunableCapacitors:TechniquesandTrade-Offs,
SamanthaCaporalDelBarrio,ArtMorris,andGertF.Pedersen
Volume2014,ArticleID709580,8pages
TechniqueofCoaxialFrameinReflectionfortheCharacterizationofSingleandMultilayerMaterials
withCorrectionofAirGap,ZarralLamia,DjahliFarid,andNdagijimanaFabien
Volume2014,ArticleID324727,9pages
ResearchonWidebandDifferential-ModeCurrentInjectionTestingTechniqueBasedonDirectional
CouplingDevice,XiaodongPan,GuanghuiWei,XinfuLu,LisiFan,andXingZhou
Volume2014,ArticleID143068,13pages
PlanarMIMOAntennawithSlitsforWBANApplications,Do-GuKang,JinpilTak,andJaehoonChoi
Volume2014,ArticleID151425,7pages
SparseAdaptiveChannelEstimationBasedon𝑙𝑝-Norm-PenalizedAffineProjectionAlgorithm,
YingsongLi,WenxingLi,WenhuaYu,JianWan,andZhiweiLi
Volume2014,ArticleID434659,8pages
DesignofaMultibandAntennaforLTE/GSM/UMTSBandOperation,YoungtaekHong,JinpilTak,
JisooBaek,BongsikMyeong,andJaehoonChoi
Volume2014,ArticleID548160,9pages
MicrowaveTomographicImagingUtilizingLow-Profile,Rotating,RightAngle-BentMonopole
Antennas,N.R.Epstein,P.M.Meaney,andK.D.Paulsen
Volume2014,ArticleID431602,8pages
Low-ProfileFolded-CouplingPlanarInverted-FAntennafor2.4/5GHzWLANCommunications,
Hung-YuLi,Chun-ChengLin,Tsai-KuLin,andChih-YuHuang
Volume2014,ArticleID182927,7pages
ACompactDual-BandPrintedAntennaDesignforLTEOperationinHandheldDeviceApplications,
Ding-BingLin,Jui-HungChou,Son-OnFu,andHsueh-JyhLi
Volume2014,ArticleID897328,9pages
ARectangularPlanarSpiralAntennaforGISPartialDischargeDetection,XiaoxingZhang,YefeiHan,
WeiLi,andXuetaoDuan
Volume2014,ArticleID985697,7pages
Dual-BandCompactPlanarAntennaforaLow-CostWLANUSBDongle,
Maur´ıcioHenriqueCostaDias,BrunoRobertoFranciscatto,HansAdel,andTan-PhuVuong
Volume2014,ArticleID793191,10pages
HighlyDirectionalSmall-SizeAntennaDesignedwithHomogeneousTransformationOptics,
ZuojiaWang,LianShen,JunChen,HuapingWang,FaxinYu,andHongshengChen
Volume2014,ArticleID891620,6pages
ARHCPMicrostripAntennawithUltrawideBeamwidthforUHFBandApplication,Yuan-zhuLiu,
Shao-qiuXiao,andBing-zhongWang
Volume2014,ArticleID472397,5pages
ACodesignedCompactDual-BandFilteringAntennawithPINLoadedforWLANApplications,
ShanxiongChen,YuZhao,MaolingPeng,andYunjiWang
Volume2014,ArticleID826171,6pages
Small-SizeEight-BandFrequencyReconfigurableAntennaLoadingaMEMSSwitchforMobileHandset
Applications,XinMeng
Volume2014,ArticleID143415,6pages
HighGainandHighEfficientStackedAntennaArraywithIntegratedHornfor60GHz
CommunicationSystems,HamsakuttyVettikalladi,WaleedTariqSethi,andMajeedA.Alkanhal
Volume2014,ArticleID418056,8pages
Small-SizeWearableHigh-EfficiencyTAGAntennaforUHFRFIDofPeople,
MilanSvandaandMilanPolivka
Volume2014,ArticleID509768,5pages
AMiniaturizedFrequencySelectiveSurfaceBasedonSquareLoopApertureElement,WenxingLi,
ChunmingWang,YongZhang,andYingsongLi
Volume2014,ArticleID701279,6pages
Contents
OrthogonalDesignMethodforOptimizingRoughlyDesignedAntenna,QingZhang,SanyouZeng,
andChunbangWu
Volume2014,ArticleID586360,9pages
CompactDual-BandDipoleAntennawithAsymmetricArmsforWLANApplications,
Chung-HsiuChiu,Chun-ChengLin,Chih-YuHuang,andTsai-KuLin
Volume2014,ArticleID195749,4pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Volume 2014, Article ID 134103, 1 page
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/134103
Editorial
Small Antennas: Miniaturization Techniques and Applications
WenhuaYu,1WenxingLi,2Dau-ChyrhChang,3andYingsongLi2
12COMU,Inc.,Fairfax,VA22030,USA
2CollegeofInformationandCommunicationsEngineering,HarbinEngineeringUniversity,Harbin150001,China
3CommunicationResearchCenter,OrientalInstituteofTechnology,Taipei22061,Taiwan
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoWenhuaYu;[email protected]
Received15September2014;Accepted15September2014;Published30December2014
Copyright©2014WenhuaYuetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Although small antenna designs and miniaturization tech- Beyondthat,frequencyreconfigurableantennashavealso
niques have been widely studied in recent years, there are beenproposedinthisspecialissueformultifunctioncommu-
still many challenging issues in small antenna applications nicationapplications.Sinceeachnarrowbandsystemshould
and research. In this special issue, several small antennas be provided a different antenna, a reconfigurable antenna
have been proposed and discussed for wireless local area can be operated in several narrowband by controlling its
networks (WLANs), UHF band, multiple-input-multiple- reconfigurable states, which is flexible and can reduce the
output(MIMO),long-term-evolution(LTE),andotherwire- costforpracticalengineeringapplications.Areconfigurable
less communication applications. These designed antennas antenna has been investigated by using MEMS to realize
are not only small in size but also able to provide high multibandantenna.Furthermore,theMEMStechniquehas
performancetomeetthepracticalengineeringrequirements beenalsoexploitedforminimizingtheantennabymeansof
with respect to the impedance bandwidth and the radia- tunablecapacitors.
tion patterns. On the other hand, two horn antennas with Asfortheoptimizationmethodandmeasurementtech-
enhancedperformanceweredevelopedformodernwireless niques,anorthogonaldesignmethodwasproposedtoopti-
communicationapplications.Oneofthehornantennaswas mize roughly designed antennas. Additionally, a wideband
designed to obtain high gain, which was realized by the differential-modecurrentinjectiontestingtechniquewasalso
integrationofahornantennaintoamicrostripantenna.The presentedbasedondirectionalcouplingdevice.
otherhornantennawaspresentedforultra-wideband(UWB) Inthisspecialissue,twoadaptivesignalprocessingalgo-
applicationsbythecombinationofaTEMhornantennawith rithms have been developed for sparse channel estimation
a Vivaldi antenna together. Both of the proposed improved andvirtualarrayantennaapplications.Bothoftheproposed
hornantennashavebeenverifiedthattheyhavelowprofile adaptive algorithms can provide higher performance com-
andgoodperformance. pared with previous classical algorithm and can be further
In addition, several compact antennas have been pro- developedforapplyingintheantennaarrays.
posed and investigated to provide high efficiency antenna
and low SAR, which are suitable for on-body and mobile
Acknowledgments
communications.Motivatedbytherapiddevelopmentsofthe
microwave imaging, a right angle-bent monopole antenna The editors thank all the contributors and the anonymous
has been built to obtain small size and low profile for reviewersfortheircontributionstothisspecialissue.
microwavetomographicimagingapplication.Inaddition,a
compactfrequencyselectivesurface(FSS)hasbeenproposed WenhuaYu
based on the square loop aperture element. The designed WenxingLi
FSS can give high polarization stability, angle stability, and Dau-ChyrhChang
smallersizeincomparisonwiththepreviouslyproposedFSS YingsongLi
structures.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Volume 2014, Article ID 728463, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/728463
Research Article
An Effective Technique for Enhancing Direction Finding
Performance of Virtual Arrays
WenxingLi,XiaojunMao,WenhuaYu,andChongyiYue
CollegeofInformationandCommunicationEngineering,HarbinEngineeringUniversity,Harbin150001,China
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoXiaojunMao;[email protected]
Received8July2014;Revised22August2014;Accepted22August2014;Published30December2014
AcademicEditor:Dau-ChyrhChang
Copyright©2014WenxingLietal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Thearrayinterpolationtechnologythatisusedtoestablishavirtualarrayfromarealantennaarrayiswidelyusedindirection
finding. The traditional interpolation transformation technology causes significant bias in the directional-of-arrival (DOA)
estimationduetoitstransformerrors.Inthispaper,weproposedamodifiedinterpolationmethodthatsignificantlyreducesbias
intheDOAestimationofavirtualantennaarrayandimprovestheresolutioncapability.Usingtheprojectionconcept,thispaper
projectsthetransformationmatrixintotherealarraydatacovariancematrix;theoperationnotonlyenhancesthesignalsubspace
butalsoimprovestheorthogonalitybetweenthesignalandnoisesubspace.Numericalresultsdemonstratetheeffectivenessofthe
proposedmethod.TheproposedmethodcanachievebetterDOAestimationaccuracyofvirtualarraysandhasahighresolution
performancecomparedtothetraditionalinterpolationmethod.
1.Introduction themanifoldofthevirtualarraycanbeobtainedbythelinear
interpolationofthemanifoldoftherealarray.Thetransform
Array signal processing has a wide range of applications in matrixiscomputedastheleastsquaressolution.
radar, communications, sonar, and acoustics. Interpolation TheperformanceofarrayinterpolationintheDOAesti-
ormappingtechniquefromarealantennaarraytoavirtual mationhasbeenreportedintheliterature[10–12].Although
antennaarrayisapopulartopicinarraysignalprocessing[1]. thearrayinterpolationapproachhassomeattractiveproper-
Virtual array interpolation (mapping) technique was intro- ties[13,14],anessentialshortcomingofthemethodisthatit
ducedin1980s[2–5].Virtualarraytransformationcanmap oftenintroducesmappingerrorsthatcausebiasintheDOA
anarbitraryplanarstructureantennaarraytobeauniform estimation.Hence,theDOAestimationsarenotstatistically
lineararray-(ULA-)typearrayandcanincreasethedegrees optimal.
offreedom(DOF)ofanantennaarray,whichiswidelyused Pesaventoetal.developedarobustinterpolationmethod
intheDOAestimationandadaptivebeamforming[6,7]. in[15].Themethodensuresthattheinterpolationtransform
There exist some efficient DOA estimation algorithms erroroftheselectedsectorsisminimal,whiletheconversion
such as “root-MUSIC”and “root-WSF,”which are normally outside region sets up multiple “stop bands” to make the
restricted to the ULA geometry. These algorithms cannot conversionerrorlessthanacriterion.
be used for the conformal arrays or uniform circular array Hyberg et al. proposed a geometrical interpretation
(UCA) directly; however, the interpolation transform tech- method of a Taylor series expansion of the DOA estimator
niquecansolvethisproblemefficiently[8].InFriedlander’s criterion function to derive an alternative design of the
virtualarraytransformation(VAT)method[9],anarbitrary mappingmatrix[16,17].Theproposeddesignconsidersthe
shaped antenna array can be transformed into a desired orthogonality between the manifold mapping errors and
virtualantennaarraybyinterpolatingtheinterestedscanning certain gradients of the estimator criterion function. This
sector. The basic idea of Friedlander’s VAT is to divide bias-minimizingtheorywasextendedtonotonlyminimize
the spatial region into several subregions, and then by bias but also consider finite sample effects due to noise
takinginterpolationinthearrayscanningsectorofinterest, reducingtheDOAmean-squareerror(MSE).DOAMSEis