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Slum Health: From the Cell to the Street PDF

373 Pages·2016·8.366 MB·English
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Slum Health Slum Health From the Cell to the Street EDITED BY Jason Corburn and Lee Riley UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2016 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Corburn, Jason, editor. | Riley, Lee W., editor. Title: Slum health : from the cell to the street / edited by Jason Corburn and Lee Riley. Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2016] | 2016 | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015042220 | ISBN 9780520281066 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520281073 (pbk. : alk. paper) | eISBN 978-0- 520-96279-8 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Slums—Health aspects. | Urban health—Brazil. | Urban health—India. | Urban health—Kenya—Nairobi. | Cities and towns—Health aspects. | Urban ecology (Sociology) Classification: LCC HV4028 .S575 2016 | DDC 614.09173/2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042220 Manufactured in the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Natures Natural, a fiber that contains 30% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables Prelude: Memoirs of a Kenya Slum Dweller Acknowledgments Introduction Jason Corburn and Lee Riley PART ONE. SLUM HEALTH: FRAMING RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND POLICY 1. From the Cell to the Street: Coproducing Slum Health Jason Corburn and Lee Riley 2. Slum Health: Research to Action Alon Unger and Lee Riley 3. Frameworks for Urban Slum Health Equity Jason Corburn 4. Urban Poverty: An Urgent Public Health Issue Susan Mercado, Kirsten Havemann, Mojgan Sami, and Hiroshi Ueda 5. Urban Informal Settlement Upgrading and Health Equity Jason Corburn and Alice Sverdlik PART TWO. FROM THE CELL TO THE STREET: SLUM HEALTH IN BRAZIL 6. Favela Health in Pau da Lima, Salvador, Brazil Alon Unger, Albert Ko, and Guillermo Douglass-Jaime 7. Impact of Environment and Social Gradient on Leptospira Infection in Urban Slums Renato B. Reis, Guilherme S. Ribeiro, Ridalva D.M. Felzemburgh, Francisco S. Santana, Sharif Mohr, Astrid X.T.O. Melendez, Adriano Queiroz, Andréia C. Santos, Romy R. Ravines, Wagner S. Tassinari, Marília S. Carvalho, Mitermayer G. Reis, and Albert I. Ko 8. Factors Associated with Group A Streptococcus emm Type Diversification in a Large Urban Setting in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study Sara Y. Tartof, Joice N. Reis, Aurelio N. Andrade, Regina T. Ramos, Mitermayer G. Reis, and Lee W. Riley PART THREE. URBAN UPGRADING AND HEALTH IN NAIROBI, KENYA 9. Coproducing Slum Health in Nairobi, Kenya Jason Corburn and Jack Makau 10. Sanitation and Women’s Health in Nairobi’s Slums Jason Corburn and Irene Karanja 11. Microsavings and Well-Being in a Nairobi Informal Settlement Jason Corburn, Jane Wairutu, Joseph Kimani, Benson Osumba, and Heena Shah PART FOUR. UNDERSTANDING SLUM HEALTH IN URBAN INDIA 12. Health Disparities in Urban India Siddharth Agarwal 13. Improved Health Outcomes in Urban Slums through Infrastructure Upgrading Neel M. Butala, Michael J. Van Rooyen, and Ronak Bhailal Patel PART FIVE. KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 14. Toward Slum Health Equity: Research, Action, and Training Jason Corburn and Lee Riley List of Contributors Index Illustrations MAPS 9.1. Nairobi, 1910s 9.2. Nairobi residential areas and racial segregation 9.3. Mathare distribution of toilets 11.1. Structures in Mathare Village 4B impacted by proposed 30-meter riparian zone FIGURES 1.1. Cycle of social and environmental determinants of disease, the “black box,” and disease outcomes predominant in informal settlements 3.1. Toxic stress and biological embodiment 3.2. Slum health model 8.1. Proportion of the most common emm types in nonslum and slum populations 9.1. Incidence of diseases in Kenya and Mathare, Nairobi, in 2010 9.2. Muungano wa Wanavijiji microsavings network model, example schematic 9.3. Number of people per functioning community toilet in Mathare, 2014 PHOTOGRAPHS 6.1. Pau da Lima community, Salvador, Brazil 6.2. Project team mapping in Pau da Lima 9.1. Community planning workshop, Kosovo village, Mathare, Nairobi, 2009 11.1. Woman leading savings group discussion 11.2. A Muungano meeting devoted to planning a water project 11.3. Typical toilet in Mathare before upgrading BOXES 1.1. Exposed Populations in the Urban Setting 2.1. Meeting the Challenge of Slums 5.1. Slum Upgrading and Its Impact on the Social Determinants of Health 9.1. Kambi Moto, Huruma: Community-Led Healthy Slum Upgrading Tables 2.1. UN operational definition of slums and associated physical, legal, and adverse health outcomes 5.1. Defining informal settlements (“slums”) and associated health risks 5.2. Slum-upgrading projects and social determinants of health 8.1. Demographic characteristics and streptococcal group distributions of children attending slum and nonslum clinics 8.2. Demographic and streptococcal group distributions, by sore throat and carriage in slum versus nonslum children 8.3. Diversity of emm types in nonslum versus slum populations 8.4. Common emm types, and their association with sore throat or carriage, among GAS culture–positive patients 9.1. Example indicators for healthy slum upgrading, Mathare, Nairobi, Kenya 10.1. Demography of and sanitation access in Mathare, Nairobi 10.2. Estimated economic burdens from diarrhea in Mathare, Nairobi

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