sludge treatment and disposal

258 Pages·2007·1.65 MB·English

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Sludge Treatment and Disposalis the sixth volume in the series Biological LUA
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Wastewater Treatment. The book covers in a clear and didactic way the sludge ME VOLUME 6
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characteristics, production, treatment (thickening, dewatering, stabilisation, 6
pathogens removal) and disposal (land application for agricultural purposes, SLUDGE
sanitary landfills, landfarming and other methods). Environmental and public
health issues are also fully described.
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The Biological Wastewater Treatment series is based on the book Biological U
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Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions and on a highly acclaimed ND
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set of best selling textbooks. This international version is comprised by six D
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textbooks giving a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology D
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of biological wastewater treatment. SR
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Books in the Biological Wastewater Treatmentseries are: ST
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• Volume 1: Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal
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• Volume 2: Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment N
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• Volume 3: Waste Stabilisation Ponds
• Volume 4: Anaerobic Reactors
• Volume 5: Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors
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• Volume 6: Sludge Treatment and Disposal a
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Sludge Treatment and Disposal
BiologicalWastewaterTreatmentSeries
TheBiologicalWastewaterTreatmentseriesisbasedonthebookBiological
WastewaterTreatmentinWarmClimateRegionsandonahighlyacclaimedsetof
bestsellingtextbooks.Thisinternationalversioniscomprisedbysixtextbooks
givingastate-of-the-artpresentationofthescienceandtechnologyofbiological
wastewatertreatment.
TitlesintheBiologicalWastewaterTreatmentseriesare:
Volume1:WastewaterCharacteristics,TreatmentandDisposal
Volume2:BasicPrinciplesofWastewaterTreatment
Volume3:WasteStabilisationPonds
Volume4:AnaerobicReactors
Volume5:ActivatedSludgeandAerobicBiofilmReactors
Volume6:SludgeTreatmentandDisposal
Biological Wastewater Treatment Series
VOLUME SIX
Sludge Treatment
and Disposal
Cleverson Vitorio Andreoli, Marcos von
Sperling and Fernando Fernandes
(Editors)
PublishedbyIWAPublishing,AllianceHouse,12CaxtonStreet,LondonSW1H0QS,UK
Telephone:[phone];Fax:[phone];Email:[email protected]
Website:www.iwapublishing.com
Firstpublished2007
(cid:1)C 2007IWAPublishing
Copy-editedandtypesetbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedbyLightningSource
Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,as
permittedundertheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct(1998),nopartofthispublicationmay
bereproduced,storedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissionin
writingofthepublisher,or,inthecaseofphotographicreproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsof
licencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsof
licensesissuedbytheappropriatereproductionrightsorganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiries
concerningreproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoIWAPublishingatthe
addressprintedabove.
Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressedorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyofthe
informationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforerrorsor
omissionsthatmaybemade.
Disclaimer
TheinformationprovidedandtheopinionsgiveninthispublicationarenotnecessarilythoseofIWA
oroftheeditors,andshouldnotbeacteduponwithoutindependentconsiderationandprofessional
advice.IWAandtheeditorswillnotacceptresponsibilityforanylossordamagesufferedbyany
personactingorrefrainingfromactinguponanymaterialcontainedinthispublication.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
ACIPcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:184339166X
ISBN13:9781843391661
Contents
Preface vii
Theauthors xiii
1 Introductiontosludgemanagement 1
M.vonSperling,C.V.Andreoli
2 Sludgecharacteristicsandproduction 4
M.vonSperling,R.F.Gonc¸alves
2.1 Sludgeproductioninwastewatertreatmentsystems 4
2.2 Sludgecharacteristicsateachtreatmentstage 6
2.3 Fundamentalrelationshipsinsludge 12
2.4 Calculationofthesludgeproduction 16
2.5 Massbalanceinsludgetreatment 28
3 Maincontaminantsinsludge 31
S.M.C.P.daSilva,F.Fernandes,V.T.Soccol,D.M.Morita
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Metals 32
3.3 Traceorganics 39
3.4 Pathogenicorganisms 40
4 Sludgestabilisation 48
M.Luduvice
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Anaerobicdigestion 49
4.3 Aerobicdigestion 67
v
vi Contents
5 Sludgethickeninganddewatering 76
R.F.Gonc¸alves,M.Luduvice,M.vonSperling
5.1 Thickeninganddewateringofprimaryandbiologicalsludges 76
5.2 Sludgethickening 78
5.3 Sludgeconditioning 81
5.4 Overviewontheperformanceofthedewateringprocesses 90
5.5 Sludgedryingbeds 92
5.6 Centrifuges 99
5.7 Filterpress 107
5.8 Beltpresses 114
5.9 Thermaldrying 118
6 Pathogenremovalfromsludge 120
M.T.Pinto
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Generalprinciples 121
6.3 Mechanismstoreducepathogens 123
6.4 Processestoreducepathogens 127
6.5 Operationandcontrol 144
7 Assessmentofsludgetreatmentanddisposalalternatives 149
F.Fernandes,D.D.Lopes,C.V.Andreoli,S.M.C.P.daSilva
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Sustainablepointofview 150
7.3 Trendsinsludgemanagementinsomecountries 150
7.4 Aspectstobeconsideredpriortothe
assessmentofalternatives 152
7.5 Criterionforselectingsludgetreatmentandfinal
disposalalternatives 155
7.6 Sludgemanagementatthetreatmentplant 160
8 Landapplicationofsewagesludge 162
C.V.Andreoli,E.S.Pegorini,F.Fernandes,H.F.dosSantos
8.1 Introduction 162
8.2 Beneficialuse 163
8.3 Requirementsandassociatedrisks 169
8.4 Handlingandmanagement 177
8.5 Storage,transportationandapplicationofbiosolids 186
8.6 Operationalaspectsofbiosolidlandapplication 191
8.7 Landfarming 201
9 Sludgetransformationanddisposalmethods 207
M.Luduvice,F.Fernandes
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Thermaldrying 208
9.3 Wetairoxidation 209
Contents vii
9.4 Incineration 212
9.5 Landfilldisposal 215
10 Environmentalimpactassessmentandmonitoringoffinal
sludgedisposal 226
A.I.deLara,C.V.Andreoli,E.S.Pegorini
10.1 Introduction 226
10.2 Potentiallynegativeenvironmentalimpacts 227
10.3 Monitoringindicatorsandparameters 230
10.4 Monitoringplan 232
References 237

Preface
The present series of books has been produced based on the book “Biological
wastewatertreatmentinwarmclimateregions”,writtenbythesameauthorsand
also published by IWA Publishing. The main idea behind this series is the sub-
division of the original book into smaller books, which could be more easily
purchasedandused.
Theimplementationofwastewatertreatmentplantshasbeensofarachallenge
formostcountries.Economicalresources,politicalwill,institutionalstrengthand
cultural background are important elements defining the trajectory of pollution
control in many countries. Technological aspects are sometimes mentioned as
being one of the reasons hindering further developments. However, as shown in
this series of books, the vast array of available processes for the treatment of
wastewater should be seen as an incentive, allowing the selection of the most
appropriate solution in technical and economical terms for each community or
catchmentarea.Foralmostallcombinationsofrequirementsintermsofeffluent
quality,landavailability,constructionandrunningcosts,mechanisationleveland
operationalsimplicitytherewillbeoneormoresuitabletreatmentprocesses.
Biologicalwastewatertreatmentisverymuchinfluencedbyclimate.Tempera-
tureplaysadecisiveroleinsometreatmentprocesses,especiallythenatural-based
and non-mechanised ones. Warm temperatures decrease land requirements, en-
hanceconversionprocesses,increaseremovalefficienciesandmaketheutilisation
of some treatment processes feasible. Some treatment processes, such as anaer-
obic reactors, may be utilised for diluted wastewater, such as domestic sewage,
onlyinwarmclimateareas.Otherprocesses,suchasstabilisationponds,maybe
appliedinlowertemperatureregions,butoccupyingmuchlargerareasandbeing
subjected to a decrease in performance during winter. Other processes, such as
activatedsludgeandaerobicbiofilmreactors,arelessdependentontemperature,
ix