Slickenside petrography: slip-sense indicators and classification

110 Pages·2013·13.18 MB·English

SLICKENSIDE PETROGRAPHY:
SLIP-SENSE INDICATORS AND CLASSIFICATION

A thesis presented to the Faculty
of the State University of New York
at Albany
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degrec of

Master of Sciences
College uf Sciences and Mathematies

Depariment of Genlogical Sciences

Young-Joon Lee
1991
SLICKENSIDE PETROGRAPHY:
SLIP-SENSE. INDICATORS AND CLASSIFICATION

Abstract of
a thesis presented to the Faculty
ofthe Stare University of New York
at Albany
‘in partial fuifllment of the requizements
for the degree of

Master of Sciences

(College of Sciences und Mathematies

Department of Geological Sciences

‘Young-Joon Lee

191
ABSTRACT

Petrographie study has boon carries! UL on slickenside thin sections, find
ont reliable microstructures for determining the slip-cense af fanks, and to classify
slickensides morphologically, Thin seations are made cut parallel ra the stration
‘and perpendicular tothe slip plane, Many use stip-sense indicators are four in
thin section even though such indicates may he absent in hand specimens. TREY

are (1) offset or ben

of orce-continuous hodies such as veins, layers, grains ur

twin lmellu, (2) crystal ers growing nearly parallel to the slip direction, (3)
extensional fractures aligned oblique wo te slip plane, (4) $-C geoxetries in dutie
materials, and (5) Riedel and P- shear fractures associated with Uke su lip
surface,

“Two slstinct layers may exseuijucent to the slickenside susTace. One is
tering ating: a discrete tayer of muterialinunediately under the stip surface. The
other is termed the deformed fics ler which isu zone of deformation in the host
100k developed parallel o the slickenside, Slickersives ar classified into four
morphological types depending an the presence or absence of coating and deformed
host ayers. They are type A (deformed host yer only) ype R (coating and
deformed host layer), type € (nn enating and no deformed host layer) and type D
{costing ont).

“This morphotogicl classification can be a first step toward further genetic
interpretation of slickensides, which could eventually be wed lo infer eonditions of
faulting, Possible development paths ofeach slickeaside type indicate Hat present
slickenside morphology canbe infuenced fy rock type, slip-rate snd depth of
fauhing during slip and hy weathering and precipitation of veins along the pre-

‘existing slip surface alter slip. Although this classification is not yet fully
factory. it can perhaps be extended and improved by further systematic
slickenside studies,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Professor Win Means suggested the topic of this thesis, During this work, he
svas alnays generous to me though Istrugled at frst. Treally appreciate his
assistance, discusing problems during this study. and suggesting many useful idews

1 also gave me a chance wo yo to the G.S, A. mecting, It was a valuable
experience for me to become familiar with euarenk trend in geology. Talso thavk
him for preparing the thin sections from his stickenside collection in advance hefore
I started this work, Some samples used in this work were collected by other people
and provided to Win Means. However, I regret that I can not acknowledge
individuals hore hecause their identity is unknown to me, Therefore thank vazious
unknown geologins.

1 would tke to thank my committee members, Professors George Putman
snd Bill Kidd for reading my manuscript and for suggesting mary helpful comments
1 specially shank Jin-Hen Ree and Youngdo Park who always helped mein all
aspects during this work, Other graduate fellows, Rob Alcxander, Steve Tice, Ralf
Herrmann and Christoph Are wore always beneficial to me for useful discussions
work, T particulary thank Becky Alexander (Rob's wife) who

and help during
helped me to improve my English and correct my thesis manuscript, am gratefub
to Diana Paton for her administrative help during my stayin SUNY at Albany.

{thank iny parons in Korea, who ahvays guide their only son's steps in the
path ofrightcousness, [alo thank my wife Vun-Mi for her endless encouragement
‘and patience whenever I as confronted by problems.

Finally, ny study in the U.S.A was possible with the Korean Goverament
Overseas Scholarship. Tthank the advisor of Mi

tty of Fucation in the Korean

Consulate General at New York for conducting administrative procedures related to

the scholarship without any problems.
‘TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ~

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS -~
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER L. INTRODUCTION
1 PURPOSE OF STUDY

12 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON SLICKENSINES ~~~
13: SLICKENSIDE COLLECTION AND THIN SECTION PREPARATION

CHAPTER 2, SENSE-OF-SLIP CRITERIA IN THIN SECTIONS OF
SLICKENSIDES
24 INTRODUCTION-
22 OFFSET AND BENDIN
23 CRYSTAL FIBERS-
2.4 EXTENSIONAL FRACTURES,
25 SC GEOMETRY AND OBLIQUE PREFERRED ORIENTATION=~23
26 ROEDEL-TYPE SHEAR FRACTURE
2.7 SUMMARY-
CHAPTER 3. PETROGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF SEICKENSIDES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3:2 MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:

32.1 Coating and deformed host layer

3.2.2 Four types of slickensides
3224 Type A
3222 Type B-
3223 Type C-
3224 TypeD
3.3 ROCK TYPES OF SLICKENSIDES.
34 POSSIBLE PATHS FOR THE FOUR SLICKENSIDE TYPES
34.1 Type A
342 Type B:
343 Typec
344 Type D~ vr

35 SLICKENSIDES: POSSIBLE INDICATORS FOR TILE SLIP-RATE

AND DEPTH OF FAULTING

35.1 Low slip-rate regime ~~

35.2 High slip-rate regime
35.3 Depth of faulting,
3.6 DISCUSSION

3.6.1 Type A and type C slickensides ~

3.6.2 Eifects of rock types:

3.63. Reliability ofthe casifcaton of he slickensides ~~~ 6

3:7 SUMMARY ~ “7
CHAPTER 4, PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THIN

SLICKENSIDES

44 INTRODUCTION: 9

42 TYFE ASLICKENSIDE, ~ 69

421 No.78 o

422 Imterpretatio %

43 TYPE B SLICKENSIDE ay
43.1 No, 13 4
432 Interpresation - _— - Ab
433 No, 1B - - 8
434 Interpretation - - st

44 TYPE C SLICKENSIDE =» - 2

44.1 No. 108 »

44.2 Interpretation ~
45 TYPE D SLICKENSIDE
454 No. 70) - -

45.2 Inverpret
43.3 No. 124—~

454 Interpretation
46 DISCUSSION
47 SUMMARY ~

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES,

1.4. A schematic diagram showing how to make slickenside thin sections

2:1 Grain-seale domino-type offsets.

2.2 Grain offsets along a P-sbear fracture.

23 A possible development history for the different offset amount.

24 Various types of erystal fibers on slickensides.

25 Extensional fractures along the main stip plane and minor R-shear fracture, 22

26 Deformation fabrics developed in sickensided rocks.
27 Schematic diagram representing the Riedel-type geometry. ~
28 R-shear fractures indicated by offset of perthite tamelse,

2.9 Various types of microscopic sease-ol slip eriteria on slickensides,

3.1. Schematic diayrara showing the interaction between two rock blocks leading

to slickenside generation.»

3.2, Four morphological types of slickensides,

33 Plot of the thickness of coating ve. thickness of deformed host layer.

34, Phatomierogeaph of a type A slickenside (No. 78).

3. Photomicrograph of a type B slickenside (No. 18).

3.6, Photographs af type C slickensides (Nos. 108 and 36).

3:7, Photomicrograph of a type C slickenside (No. 63}.

38, Photomicrograph of a type D slickenside (No. 124)
39. Plot illustrating the relationship between slickensides and rock type

3.10. Photomicrograph of a type A slickenside (No. 111).

3.11, Possible paths for the development of the four slickenside types.

3.12, Photomicrographs of type B slickensides with different types of coatings. "35
3.13, Slip-rate versus depth diagram showing associated fault rocks and
‘metamorphic grades in continental crust of quartz-rieh rocks, ~

3.14, Photomicrograph of a quartz mylonite in a ductile shear zone (No. 92)

3,15, Comparison between type A slickenside and ductile shear zone.

4.1 Photomicrograph and sketch of slickensided mica schist (No. 78).

4.2 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 78.
43. Photomicrograph and sketch of slickensided hornblende galvbro (No. 13). ~~75,

44 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 13, sen TT

4.3 Photomicrograph and sketch of slickensided granite (No. 18
4.6 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 18,
4.7 Photomicrograph and sketch of sliekensided mudstone (No. 108)» 8

4.8 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 108.

49 Photomicrograph and sketch of stickensided sandstone (No. 70),

4.10 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 70

4.11 Photomicrograph and sketeh of slickensided mudstone (No. 124),

4.12 Photomicrographs showing textural features of sample 124.

4.13 Mohr diagram showing the effect of fluid pressure.

LIST OF TABLES.

1.1 Summary of slickensided fault rocks.

2

2,1 Comparison between dilution and replacement fibers.

31 Thickness of coa: ng and deformed bost layer.

4.2 Type of coatings in matic igne-ss rocks.