Sleep and Movement Disorders

809 Pages·2013·14.113 MB·English

by  Sudhansu Chokroverty, Richard P. Allen, Arthur S. Walters, Pasquale Montagna

Sleep and Movement Disorders
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SLEEP AND MOVEMENT
DISORDERS
SECOND EDITION
SUDHANSU CHOKROVERTY, MD, FRCP
PROFESSOR AND CO-CHAIR OF NEUROLOGY
PROGRAM DIRECTOR, CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND SLEEP MEDICINE
NJ NEUROSCIENCE INSTITUTE AT JFK MEDICAL CENTER
EDISON, NJ
RICHARD P. ALLEN, PHD, FAASM
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
BAYVIEW MEDICAL CENTER
BALTIMORE, MD
ARTHUR S. WALTERS, MD
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
NASHVILLE, TN
*PASQUALE MONTAGNA, MD
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
BOLOGNA, ITALY
*Deceased
1
3
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sleep and movement disorders / [edited by]
Sudhansu Chokroverty, Richard P. Allen, Arthur S. Walters.—2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–979516–1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Chokroverty, Sudhansu. II. Allen, Richard P. III. Walters, Arthur S.
[DNLM: 1. Sleep Disorders—physiopathology. 2. Movement Disorders.
3. Sleep—physiology. 4. Sleep Disorders—psychology. WL 108]
LC Classifi cation not assigned
616.8'498—dc23
2012040879

ISBN 978–0–19–979516–1
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
We dedicate the second edition of S leep and Movement Disorders to our esteemed colleague,
an outstanding neuroscientist and a leader in the fi eld of Sleep Medicine, Pasquale Montagna,
MD, who died prematurely on December 2010 at the height of his career. A few months before
death he signed the agreement to be one of the coeditors of this volume and made valuable sug-
gestions for the contents, but fate took an ugly turn. Pasquale was born on September 11, 1950,
in a picturesque small town in Muro Leccese in the southeastern part of Italy. After graduating
fi rst in his class in medicine from the University of Bologna in 1974, he received training in
neurology at the same University. He traveled to Copenhagen, Denmark, to receive postgradu-
ate training at the famous laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology headed by Professor Fritz
Buchthal. He returned to his alma mater in Bologna, fi rst as a researcher and later rising to the
rank of full professor in 2001 and succeeding Professor Elio Lugaresi as chairman of neurologi-
cal sciences in 2007.
Pasquale Montagna’s contributions to understanding sleep-related motor events will remain
his ever-lasting legacy. Pasquale was a prolifi c writer, contributing approximately 500 full sci-
entifi c papers in peer-reviewed journals, over 227 presentations, and 59 book chapters in addi-
tion to two volumes of S leep Disorders (part of the H andbook of Clinical Neurology series)
as senior editor and a book entitled F atal Familial Insomnia: Inherited Prion Diseases,
Sleep and the Th alamus as the sole editor. Pasquale Montagna’s breadth of knowledge reached
beyond neuroscience and sleep medicine as evidenced by his profound knowledge not only of
Greek and other European cultures but also of the great Eastern civilizations. Despite his com-
mitment to work, Pasquale remained devoted to his family and remained concerned about his
wife and son until the very end of his life, as refl ected in one of his last emotional e-mails: “It is
indeed a troubled time for me and my family.” We will remember you, Pasquale, forever, not only
for your superb scientifi c contributions but also for being a great human being, a passionate and
caring physician, and an inspiring teacher.
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Richard P. Allen
Arthur S. Walters
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Contents
Preface x i 4 Neurobiology of the REM–Non-REM
Acknowledgments x iii Sleep Cycle 46
Contributors x v Md. Noor Alam and Ronald Szymusiak
5 Th e Control of Motoneurons
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION
during Sleep 61
Michael H. Chase, Simon J. Fung, Jack Yamuy,
1 Introduction 03
and Ming-Chu Xi
Sudhansu Chokroverty, Richard P.
Allen, Arthur S. Walters, and
Pasquale Montagna 6 Circadian Neurobiology 80
Aleksandar Videnovic, Susan Benloucif,
and Phyllis C. Zee
PART TWO: BASIC SCIENCE
7 Th e Normal Motor System:
2 N on-REM Sleep: For Charging Sleep/Wake States, Circadian
Our Batteries 11 Rhythms, and Ontogeny 101
Robert W. McCarley and Arthur S. Walters
Radhika Basheer
8 Genetics of Sleep and Sleep
3 An Overview of Normal Sleep 22 Disorders 115
Sudhansu Chokroverty Barbara Schormair and Juliane Winkelmann
• vii
PART THREE: LABORATORY 19 Sleep and Movement Disorders:
EVALUATION OF MOTOR Neuroimaging Aspects 272
DISTURBANCES DURING SLEEP Th ien Th anh Dang-Vu, Martin Desseilles,
Pietro-Luca Ratti, Philippe Peigneux, and
9 An Introduction 135 Pierre Maquet
Mark Hallett and Sudhansu Chokroverty
20 Autonomic Evaluation in
10 Polysomnography 137 Sleep-Related Movement
Damian McGovern and Disorders 297
Beth A. Malow Paola A. Lanfranchi, Marie-Helene
Pennestri, Ronald B. Postuma,
and Jacques Y. Montplaisir
11 Polysomnography: Scoring of Sleep
Stages, Arousals, and Breathing 145
Rodney A. Radtke and
Rajdeep Singh PART FOUR: CLINICAL SCIENCE
A General Introductory
12 Scoring of Sleep-Related
Section
Movements: Standard and Advanced
Techniques 161
Raff aele Ferri, Birgit H ö gl, and 21 An Introduction 315
Marco Zucconi Christian Guilleminault
13 Cyclic Alternating Pattern in 22 An Approach to a Patient with
Sleep: Measurement and Clinical Movement Disorders during Sleep
Signifi cance 179 and Classifi cation 322
Liborio Parrino, Raff aele Ferri, Sudhansu Chokroverty, Richard P. Allen,
Oliviero Bruni, and Mario G. Terzano and Arthur S. Walters
14 Assessment of Daytime 23 Epidemiology of Sleep-Related
Sleepiness 194 Movement Disorders 343
Anita Valanju Shelgikar and Maurice M. Ohayon
Ronald D. Chervin
24 General Sleep Diffi culties
15 Ambulatory Activity in Patients with Movement
Monitoring 209 Disorders 351
Richard P. Allen Antonio Culebras
16 Clinical Neurophysiology of 25 Diff erential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders 216 and Evaluation of Unknown
Mark Hallett and Motor Disorders during
Sudhansu Chokroverty Sleep 361
Marco Zucconi
17 Clinical Neurophysiology of Acoustic
Startle 230 B Sleep Related Movements: Normal
Josep Valls-Sol é and Abnormal
18 Electroencephalography 26 General Introduction and Historical
in Relation to Abnormal Review 377
Movements during Sleep 251 Elio Lugaresi and
Joanna Fong and Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer Sudhansu Chokroverty
viii • CONTENTS
27 P hysiologic Body Jerks and 37 Benign Sleep Myoclonus
Movements at Sleep Onset and of Infancy 524
during Sleep 382 Philip A. Hanna, Tasneem Peeraully,
Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura and Nancy Gadallah, and Arthur S. Walters
Federica Provini
C Movement Disorders and Sleep
28 Disorders of Arousal
from Non-REM Sleep 396
38 Movement Disorders and Sleep:
Shannon Sullivan and
Introduction 533
Christian Guilleminault
Stanley Fahn and Sudhansu Chokroverty
29 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder:
39 Persistence of Daytime Movement
Discovery of REM Sleep Behavior
Disorders during Sleep 535
Disorder, Clinical and Laboratory
Rosalia C. Silvestri
Diagnosis, and Treatment 406
Birgit Frauscher and Birgit H ö gl
40 Sleep-Related Leg Cramps,
Sleep-Related Rhythmic
30 Pathophysiology of REM Sleep
Movement Disorder, and Sleep
Behavior Disorder, Including Its
Talking 546
Relationship with Neurodegenerative
Michael J. Th orpy
Diseases, Evolving Concepts, and
Controversies 423
Alex Iranzo and Jun Lu 41 Sleep Bruxism and Other Disorders
with Orofacial Activity during
Sleep 555
31 Neurodegenerative Disease in
Takafumi Kato, Pierre J. Blanchet,
Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior
Nelly T. Huynh, Jacques Y. Montplaisir,
Disorder: Quantifying Risk and
and Gilles J. Lavigne
Measuring Preclinical Markers of
Disease 451
Ronald B. Postuma, Jean-Francois Gagnon, 42 Restless Legs Syndrome
and Jacques Y. Montplaisir (Willis-Ekbom Disease):
An Introduction 573
Richard P. Allen, Sudhansu Chokroverty,
32 Sleep-Related Eating Disorders 462
and Arthur S. Walters
Federica Provini
43 Th e Epidemiology of Restless Legs
33 Fatal Familial Insomnia 471
Syndrome 577
Federica Provini, Elio Lugaresi, and
Claudia Diederichs and Klaus Berger
Pietro Cortelli
44 Pathophysiology: Th e Biology
34 Narcolepsy, Cataplexy, and Sleep
of Restless Legs Syndrome
Paralysis 481
( Willis-Ekbom Disease) 585
Masashi Okuro and Seiji Nishino
Richard P. Allen
35 Nocturnal Seizures 496
45 Restless Legs Syndrome
Lana Jeradeh Boursoulian, Giuseppe Plazzi,
( Willis-Ekbom Disease):
and Beth A. Malow
Diagnosis, Diff erential
Diagnosis (Mimics), and
36 Complex (Including Violent) Evaluation 598
Sleep Behavior 512 Richard P. Allen, Arthur S. Walters,
Mark R. Pressman and Sudhansu Chokroverty
Contents • ix