Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier PDF
Preview Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier
on ^ i (a)YW lr]i(P' i/Tni1r.(n m^i edited by Elizabeth A. Eldredge and Fred Morton African Modernization and Development Series WESTVIEW PRESS UNIVERSITY OF NATAE PRESS / South African slavery differs from slavery practiced in other frontier zones of European settlement in that the settlers enslaved indigenes as a supplement to and eventually as a replacement for imported slave labor. On the expanding frontier, Dutch-speaking farmers increasingly met their labor needs by conducting slave raids, arming African slave raiders, and fomenting conflict among African communities. Captives were used as domestics, herders, hunters, agricultural laborers, porters, dri- vers, personal servants, and artisans. Slavery was legalized as inboekstelseland portrayed by authorities as a form of "apprentice- ship," in which abandoned and orphaned youthswere bonded as unpaid laborers until their mid-twenties. In practice, they were captured as children and held for most of their lives. At least 60 percent of the slaves were female. Adults who escaped or were released from bondage became tenant farm- ers, settled on mission stations and aban- doned Boer farms, or entered African com- munities. Slavery in South Africa is the first volume to demonstrate that slavery was widespread in South Africa until the late nineteenth cen- tury, that thousands ofslaves were obtained in raids on African communities and traded within areas of Boer settlement, and that slavery profoundly affected relations within and between Boer and African societies. ^^ Digitized by the Internet Archive 2010 in http://www.archive.org/details/slaveryinsouthafOOeldr Slavery in South Africa Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier EDITED BY Elizabeth A. Eldredge and Fred Morton Westview Press BOULDER • SAN FRANCISCO • OXFORD University of Natal Press PIETERMARITZBURG —— Thisbookisincludedin Westvieiv'sAfricanModernizationandDevelopment Series(PaulLovejoy, SeriesEditor). All rights resen'ed. No part of this publication mav he reproduced or transmitted in anv formorbyanvmeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopv, recording,oranyin- formationstorageandretrie\alsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromWestviewPress. Copyright©1994b\'WeshiewPress,Inc. Publishedin1994intheUnitedStatesofAmericab\-WestviewPress,Inc.,5500CentralA\e- nue, Boulder, Colorado 80301-2877, and in the United Kingdom bv \Vest\'iew Press, 36 LonsdaleRoad,Summertown,OxfordOX27EW Publishedin1994inSouthAfricab\-TheUnixersityofNatalPress,P.O. Box375,Pietermar- itzburg3200 Librar\-ofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Slaver}'inSouthAfrica;captivelaborontheDutchFrontier / edited byElizabet—hA. Eldredgeand FredMorton. p. cm. ([Africanmodernizationanddevelopment]) Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. ISBN0-8133-8473-7 — — — 1.Slaver\'—SouthAf—rica Histor\' 18thcentury. 2.Sla\er\- SouthAfrica Histor\- 19thcentury. 3. Blacks—SouthAfrica History—18thcenhir\-. 4. Blacks—SouthAfrica—History—19th century. I.Eldredge,ElizabethA. 11. Morton,Fred, 1939- III.Series:Africanmodernizationandde\elopmentseries. HT1394.S6S57 1994 306.3'62'0968—dc20 94-20527 CIP ISBN0-86980-907-5(S.Africa) Printedandbound intheUnitedStatesofAmerica @The paperused inthispublicationmeetstherequirements oftheAmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceofPaper forPrinted LibraryMaterialsZ39.48-1984. 10 Dedicated to our parents, Glenna B. and M. Byron Morton and CharlotteM. and Donald H. Eldredge Contents ListofIllustrations ix Acknowledgments xi ListofAbbreviations xiii Glossary xv Termsand Designations xvii About the Contributors xix 1 Slavery and SouthAfricanHistoriography,FredMorton 1 2 TheTowerofBabel: TheSlaveTrade and Creolization attheCape, 1652-1834, Robert C.-H. Shell 11 3 Drosters oftheBokkeveld and the Roggeveld, 1770-1800, NigelPenn 41 4 FortunateSlaves andArtfulMasters: LaborRelationsin ^ theRuralCapeColonyDuringtheEraofEmancipation, ca. 1825 to 1838,John EdwinMason 67 5 SlaveRaidingAcross theCapeFrontier, ElizabethA. Eldredge 93 6 DelagoaBayand theHinterland in theEarlyNineteenth Century: Politics,Trade, Slaves, andSlaveRaiding, ElizabethA. Eldredge 127 7 CaptiveLaborin theWesternTransvaalAftertheSand RiverConvention,FredMorton 167 8 "BlackIvory": TheIndentureSystemand Slaveryin Zoutpansberg, 1848-1869,Jan C.A. Boeyens 187 9 Servitude, SlaveTrading, and Slaveryin theKalahari, BarryMorton 215 viii Contents 10 SlaveryinSouthAfrica,FredMorton 251 Bibliography 271 Index 293
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