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SLA based Resource Allocation in IoT cloud PDF

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ABSTRACT SINGH,ANAND.SLAbasedServiceDifferentiationinCloudDataCenters.(Underthedirectionof IoannisViniotis.) Inthisthesis,weinvestigateaproblemintherealmofhostingInternetofThings(IoT)broker servicesinacloudcomputingdatacenter.IoTsensorsgeneratemeasurementsthataretransported tothedatacenterforprocessing.Severaltenants,eachwithhis/herownmeasurementgeneration patternsarehousedinsuchacenter.ThetenantsanddatacenterproviderenteraServiceLevel Agreement(SLA)thatformallystatestheserviceexpectations(tenant)andobligations(provider). IntheparticularSLAwehaveconsidered,theonlyexpectationfromthetenantisto“haveaspecific amountofmeasurementsprocessedwithinagiventimeperiod”;theprovider’sobligationisto providetheCPUresourcestomeetthisexpectationregardlessofthedetailsofthemeasurement generationpattern.ThemainmeritofthisSLAisits(technicalandlegal)simplicity. ThemaintechnicalproblemweaddressishowcanthisSLAbeguaranteed?Thisisaquestion thatthedatacenterdesignermustanswer.Thedesignerhasseveraltoolsathis/herdisposalin answeringthisquestion-wecallsuchtools“knobs”thatcanbeintroducedinalgorithmicsolutions. Themainknobwefocuson,inthiswork,isCPUtimeprovisioning. Wetacklethistechnicalproblembybreakingitdowntothreesmallerproblems.First,westudy theSLAinitspresentform.Weformulatetwoproblems;inthefirst,weassumethatasingleserver canprovidetheneededtimetomeetthetenantexpectation.Thecontrolknobisfairlysimpleto designinthisenvironment.Inthesecond,weconsiderthesituationwhereseveralserversmustbe provisioned,inordertomeettheexpectation.Inthethirdformulationoftheproblem,wemodify theSLA-weremovesomeofitssimplicity-inordertosimplifythedesignedcontrols. ThemaintechnicalchallengeinallproblemswhendecidinghowtoprovisionCPUtimeisthe lackofknowledgeabouttrafficpatterns.Anadditionalchallengeispresentinthecaseofmultiple servers-thepresenceoftwoconflictingobjectivesthatcomefromthetenantandthecloudprovider. Thetenantobjectivecanbeexpressedintermsof,say,acceptableaveragedelays,whiletheprovider’s objectivecanbeexpressedintermsof,say,acceptableoperatingcost.Eventhoughtheseobjectives arenotexplicitlystatedintheSLAs,itistothebestinterestofallpartiesinvolvedifthedesignerwas tocomeupwithresourceprovisioningcontrolsthatwillkeepbothpartieshappy. Themaincontributionofthisthesisistwofold:(a)theintroductionofthenewSLA,and,(b)the designandevaluationoftheCPUprovisioningalgorithmstomeettheSLAs. ©Copyright2017byAnandSingh AllRightsReserved SLAbasedServiceDifferentiation inCloudDataCenters by AnandSingh AdissertationsubmittedtotheGraduateFacultyof NorthCarolinaStateUniversity inpartialfulfillmentofthe requirementsfortheDegreeof DoctorofPhilosophy ComputerEngineering Raleigh,NorthCarolina 2017 APPROVEDBY: HarilaosG.Perros MihailL.Sichitiu DoYoungEun IoannisViniotis ChairofAdvisoryCommittee DEDICATION Tomyparents,mywifeAvani,andallmyfamilymembers. ii BIOGRAPHY AnandSinghwasborninIndiain1985.HereceivedhisB.Tech.degreeinElectronicsandCommu- nicationEngineeringfromNITJaipur,Indiain2008,andanMSdegreeinComputerNetworking fromNorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,USAin2013.HeworkedinCiscoSystemsinvoice technologygroupfrom2008to2011. AtNCState,Anandwasateachingassistantforalltwelvesemestersandinstructedlabson switchednetworkdesignandmanagement,routednetworkdesignandmanagement,internetwork- ing,andInternetofThings.AtNCState,ineverysummer,heledgroupsofstudentsintheirsummer projects. HeishappilymarriedtoAvanisinceDecember12,2016. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomyguru,myAristotle,myadvisorProf.YannisViniotis forguidingmyPh.D.studyandrelatedresearch.Hehelpedmenotonlytogrowasaresearcherand instructorbutalsomademeabetterperson.Thethreelifelessons,thesevenfundamentaltruths innetworking,howtothinklikeadesigner,loveforfundamentals,andmanymoresuchlessons (includingthreeP’s)fromhimaregoingtohelpmeinallwalksoflife.Ifeelblessedtohaveamentor likehim. Besidesmyadvisor,Iwouldliketothanktherestofmythesiscommittee:Dr.HarryPerros, Dr.MihailSichitiu,andDr.DoYoungEunfortheirinsightfulcommentsandencouragement.I still remember Dr. Perros giving me the personal books on service management to encourage metoexploreserviceconceptsmorefundamentally.Thatgesturemademeemotionalandmore determinedtokeeplearning.ThankstoDr.Sichitiu,Iwasabletoreducemyroughedgesinexplaining concepts.Hiscomment“Iwantyoutobelikeasharpknife,whenyoucutacakeitshouldbeperfect" inspiredmetoimprovemysharpnessintechnicaldiscussions. My sincere thanks also go to Dr. Andy Rindos (For all the support from IBM cloud for my Ph.D.andtheprofessionalguidancethroughout),CarlosPignataro,JoeClark,SkipBooth,Frank Brockners(CiscoDistinguishedEngineers,forhelpingmewithpracticalknowledgefromindustry andsupportingmylabsetup),andArunArunachalam(forcollaborationonWiresharkNCSU-Cisco project,ithelpedmealottounderstandprotocoldesign). Ithankmystudentsandmysummergroupmembersforthestimulatingdiscussions.Iam thankfultoDr.Viniotisforgivingmeanopportunitytoteach,guideandworkwithmanystudents inEB2-2027.Thecountlessdiscussionwithmysummergroupandlabstudentsbroadenedmy technicalhorizonandmademybeliefstrongerinteachingandlearningtogether.Thankyouallfor thefunwehadinpast6yearsandforourbondoffriendshipforthelifetime. Lastbutnottheleast,IwouldliketothankmyfamilyfortheirconstantsupportduringmyPh.D. iv TABLEOFCONTENTS LISTOFTABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LISTOFFIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter1 ServiceDifferentiationinNetworkSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 EnterpriseDatacenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.3 CloudComputingEnvironments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.4 InternetofThings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 ServiceLevelAgreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.3 ServiceModelsinCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 ServiceDifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.1 CriterionforServiceDifferentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2 ApproachesforEnforcingServiceDifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 RelatedWorkonServiceDifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.1 ServiceDifferentiationintheInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.2 ServiceDifferentiationinNetworkConnectivityServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.3 ServiceDifferentiationinHostingServices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.4 ServiceDifferentiationinCloudServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.5 Summary:theBigPicture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 DynamicClosedLoopApproachforServiceDifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5.1 TheGenericObjective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5.2 TheElementsoftheControlFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6 ProblemsConsideredinthisThesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7 ContributionsoftheThesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.8 ThesisOrganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Chapter2 SLAforIoTCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1 InternetofThings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 IoTCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.1 IoTCloudServices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.2 ServiceRequirementsforIoTCloudComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.3 IoTCloudSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 MotivationforSLA-basedResourceAllocationinIoTCloudEnvironment . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.1 NeedforIoTSLA-basedResourceAllocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.2 Howisvolume-basedIoTCloudSLADifferentfromaNetworkingSLA?. . . . . 24 2.3.3 WhyisIoTSLA-basedResourceAllocationaChallengingProblem?. . . . . . . . 25 2.4 RelatedWorkinSLA-basedResourceAllocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 SLA-basedResourceAllocationinClassicalNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 v 2.4.2 SLA-basedResourceAllocationinCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4.3 SLA-basedResourceAllocationinIoTCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.4.4 DifferencesintheVariousAllocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter3 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 ElementsofthePhysicalSystemandSystemModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 CloudDeploymentModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.1 Single-tierServiceCloudDeployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.2.2 MultitierServiceCloudDeployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3 IoTApplicationsintheIoTDatacenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.4 ResourcesintheIoTDatacenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5 ControlsintheIoTDatacenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter4 ResourceAllocationforCurrentIoTSLA-SingleServiceInstance . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1.1 SystemArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1.2 FormalIoTSLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.1.3 DefinitionofKeyTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.2 OurApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.2.1 ControlParametersandConstraintsforAchievingSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.2.2 DesignConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2.3 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.4 AlgorithmtoAchievetheCurrentSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.3 ExperimentalEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.3.1 ExperimentalSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.3.2 TrafficPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.3.3 EvaluationofProposedSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3.4 OverheadandTradeoffAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter5 ResourceAllocationforaNovelIoTSLA-SingleServiceInstance . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.1 NeedforNewIoTSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.2 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.2.1 SystemArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.2.2 ANewIoTSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.2.3 DefinitionofKeyTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.3 OurApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.3.1 ControlParametersandConstraintsforAchievingSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.3.2 DesignConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.3.3 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.3.4 AlgorithmtoAchievetheNewSLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.4 ExperimentalEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.4.1 ExperimentalSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 vi 5.4.2 TrafficPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.4.3 EvaluationofProposedSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.4.4 OverheadandTradeoffAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Chapter6 ResourceAllocationforCurrentIoTSLA-ClusterofServiceInstances . . . . . . 59 6.1 ServiceClustersinCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.1 ClusterofServiceInstancesinCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.1.2 ServerScalinginCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.2 RelatedWorkinResourceScalinginCloudComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6.2.1 ReactiveApproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6.2.2 ProactiveApproaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6.3 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.3.1 SystemArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.3.2 IoTSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.3.3 DefinitionofKeyTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.3.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.4 OurApproach:DesignofScalingPoliciestoAchievetheSLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.4.1 IntroductionandMotivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.4.2 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.4.3 SpecificDesigns:StaticPolicies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.4.4 SpecificDesigns:DynamicPolicies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.4.5 Summary:theSelectedSetsofPolicies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.5 ExperimentalEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.5.1 ExperimentalSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.5.2 TrafficPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.5.3 EvaluationofPoliciesWithinaGivenClassOnly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.5.4 AnsweringSpecificDesignQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.5.5 OverheadandTradeoffAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Chapter7 ConclusionandFutureWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 7.1 ThesisConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 7.2 FutureWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 vii LISTOFTABLES Table6.1 Configurationcomplexityofvariouspolicies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Table6.2 Measurementoverheadofvariouspolicies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Table6.3 Bandwidthoverheadofvariouspolicies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Table6.4 CPUprocessingoverheadofvariouspolicies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Table6.5 Memoryoverheadofvariouspolicies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 viii

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