Skin, hair, and nails : structure and function PDF
Preview Skin, hair, and nails : structure and function
Skin, Hair, and Nails Structure and Function edited by Bo Forslind Karolinska lnstitutet Stockholm, Sweden Magnus Lindberg Stockholm Center of Public Health and Karolinska lnstitutet Stockholm, Sweden Associate Editor Lars Norlen University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland s% MARCEL MARCELD EKKEIRN,C. NEWY ORK * BASEL DEKKER Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. The material contained herein is not intended toprovide specific adviceorrecommendations for anyspecific situation. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent toinfringe. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalog record for thisbookisavailable from the Libraryof Congress. ISBN:0-8247-4313-X Thisbookisprinted onacid-free paper. Headquarters MarcelDekker, Inc., 270Madison Avenue, NewYork, NY 10016, U.S.A. tel:212-696-9000; fax:212-685-4540 DistributionandCustomerService MarcelDekker, Inc., CimarronRoad,Monticello, New York12701, U.S.A. tel:800-228-1160; fax:845-796-1772 EasternHemisphereDistribution MarcelDekker AG,Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812,CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel:41-61-260-6300;fax: 41-61-260-6333 WorldWideWeb http:==www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For moreinformation,writetoSpecialSales=ProfessionalMarketingattheheadquarters addressabove. Copyright#2004byMarcelDekker,Inc.AllRightsReserved. Neitherthisbooknoranypartmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writing from thepublisher. Current printing(last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTEDIN THEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA BASIC AND CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY Series Editors ALAN R. SHALITAM, .D. Distinguished Teaching Professor and Chairman Department of Dermatology State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn Brooklyn, New York DAVIDA . NORRISM, .D. Director of Research Professor of Dermatology The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado 1. Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease: Noninvasive Methods and Instrumentation, edited by Jean-Luc Leveque 2. Irritant Contact Dermatitis, edited by Edward M, Jackson and Ronald Goldner 3. Fundamentals of Dermatology: A Study Guide, Franklin S. Glickman and Alan R. Shalita 4. Aging Skin: Properties and Functional Changes, edited by Jean-Luc Leveque and Pierre G. Agache 5. Retinoids: Progress in Research and Clinical Applications, edited by Maria A. Livrea and Lester Packer 6. Clinical Photomedicine, edited by Henry W. Lim and Nicholas A. Soter 7. Cutaneous Antifungal Agents: Selected Compounds in Clinical Practice and Development, edited by John W. Rippon and Robert A. Fmmfling 8. Oxidative Stress in Dermatology, edited by Jiirgen Fuchs and Lester Packer 9. Connective Tissue Diseases of the Skin, edited by Charles M. Lapiere and Thomas Krieg 10. Epidermal Growth Factors and Cytokines, edited by Thomas A. Luger and Thomas Schwatz 11. Skin Changes and Diseases in Pregnancy, edited by Marwali Harahap and Robert C. Wallach 12. Fungal Disease: Biology, Immunology, and Diagnosis, edited by Paul H. Jacobs and Lexie Nall 13. lmmunomodulatory and Cytotoxic Agents in Dermatology, edited by Charles J. McDonald 14. Cutaneous Infection and Therapy, edited by Raza Aly, Karl R. Beufner, and Howard 1. Maibach 15. Tissue Augmentation in Clinical Practice: Procedures and Techniques, edited by Arnold William Klein 16. Psoriasis: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Henry H. Roenigk, Jr., and Howard 1. Maibach 17. Surgical Techniques for Cutaneous Scar Revision, edited by Marwali Harahap 18. Drug Therapy in Dermatology, edited by Lany E. Millikan 19. Scarless Wound Healing, edited by Hari G. Garg and Michael T. Long- aker 20. Cosmetic Surgery: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Rhoda S. Narins 21. Topical Absorption of Dermatological Products, edited by Robert L. Bronaugh and Howard 1. Maibach 22. Glycolic Acid Peels, edited by Ronald Moy, Debra Luftman, and Lenore S. Kakifa 23. InnovativeT echniques in Skin Surgery, edited by Matwali Harahap 24. Safe Liposuction, edited by Rhoda S. Narins 25. Psychocutaneous Medicine, edited by John Y. M. Koo and Chai Sue Lee 26. Skin, Hair, and Nails: Structure and Function, edited by Bo Forslind and Magnus Lindberg ADDITIONAL VOLUMESI N PREPARAT ION Vitiligo: Problems and Solutions, edited by Torello Loffi and Jana Hercogova Itch: Basic Mechanisms and Therapy, edited by Gil Yosipovifch, Malcolm W. Greaves, Alan 6. Fleischer, and Francis McGlone Series Introduction Overthepastdecade,therehasbeenavastexplosioninnewinformation relating to the art and science of dermatology as well as fundamental cutaneous biology. Furthermore, this information is no longer of interest only to the small but growing specialty of dermatology. Scientists from a wide variety of disciplines have come to recognize both the importance of skin in fundamental biological processes and the broad implications of understanding the pathogenesis of skin disease. As a result, there is now a multidisciplinary and worldwide interest in the progress of dermatology. Withthesefactorsinmind,wehaveundertakentodevelopthisseries ofbooksspeci¢callyorientedtodermatology.Thescopeoftheseriesispur- poselybroad,withbooksrangingfrompurebasicsciencetopractical,app- lied clinical dermatology.Thus,while there is something for everyone, all volumes in the series will ultimately prove to be valuable additions to the dermatologist’slibrary. iii iv SeriesIntroduction Thelatestadditiontotheseries,byBoForslind,MagnusLindberg,and LarsNorle¤n,isbothtimelyandpertinent.Wetrustthatthisvolumewillbeof broadinteresttoscientistsandcliniciansalike. AlanR.Shalita SUNYHealthScienceCenter Brooklyn,NewYork In Memoriam: Bo Forslind This book is a result of Bo Forslind’s initiative and work. Bo started his medicalstudiesinthelate1950s,undertakingresearchprojectsandeduca- tion at the Department of Medical Biophysics at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm,Sweden.InbiophysicsitwaspossibleforBotocombineagen- uine interest in physics and chemistry with a desire to solve problems in medicine.Earlyinhiscareer,hewasrecognizedinternationallyforhisbio- physical studies on hair and nails. After this he expanded his interests to includetheskinitself.Throughouthiscareer,Boappliednewmethods(cid:1) such as electron microscopy, autoradiography, and X-ray di¡raction(cid:1)to analyzeandsolvemedicalproblems.Overthepast25years,Bowasapio- neerinapplyingelectron-andproton-inducedX-raymicroanalysis(EDX andPIXE)instudiesonskin,hair,andnails.Duringthepastdecademost ofBo’sresearchenergywasfocusedonthestratumcorneumandthestruc- tureandfunctionoftheskinbarrier.In1994,forexample,hepresentedan v vi In Memoriam: BoForslind important model, the domain mosaic model, for describing the arrange- mentofthestratumcorneumanditslipids. Bo was an open-minded researcher who established contacts with otherresearchersthroughouttheworld.Hewasalsoanappreciatedlecturer and mentor for research students. Bo was active in his department at KarolinskaInstitutetthroughouthiscareer.Evenafterhisretirementacou- pleofyearsago,hecontinuedhisresearch.Atthistimehesawtheopportu- nity at last to edit a book on hair, nails, and skin.Bo wanted the book to presentastructure^functionperspectivewithabiophysicaltouch,includ- ingbasicinformationaswellasnewresearchresults.Healsowantedtoinvite younger scientiststocontribute.Using his contacts (and friendships) with researchersthroughout the world,he was able togather a highlyquali¢ed group.Sadly,Bowouldnotseetheresultofthiswork.Hesuddenlybecame veryillanddiedofcancerwithinacoupleofmonths.However,hewasvery determinedthatthebookbepublished.Now,withthebookinprint,weseeit asatributetoBoandhiswork. MagnusLindberg LarsNorle¤n Foreword Theintegument(cid:1)our¢rstlineofdefenseagainstahostilephysicalenviron- ment(cid:1)wasregardedinthepastaslittlemorethanapassivebarrieragainst dehydration, physical insults, and microbial invasion. In recent decades, however,intensiveresearchhasrede¢nedtheintegumentasabiologically active tissue that communicates intimately with the body interior (via immune and hormonal systems) and regulates its homeostasis (via auto- regulatory mechanisms that sense the environment). This new body of knowledge has emerged as the product of diverse research e¡orts using biological,chemical,physical,andmoleculargenetictechniques.Further, the combined e¡orts of biologists, physicists, and medical doctors in describing the delicate interactions between di¡erent components of the skinanditsadnexalstructures(i.e.,hairandnails)hasenabledapplication of this knowledge in clinical situations(cid:1)especially when the skin barrier fails,asinirritativeskinreactionandgeneticorimmune-mediateddiseases characterized by abnormal skin, hair, or nails. The bene¢ts of such close vii
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