Skin disease in organ transplantation PDF
Preview Skin disease in organ transplantation
Skin Disease in Organ Transplantation Skindiseaseisaserious,long-termproblemfortherecipientsofsolidorgantransplants.The potent systemic immunosuppression therapy necessary to sustain a life-saving solid organ transplant is associated with many adverse cutaneous effects, including significantly in- creased rates of cutaneous malignancies, difficult-to-treat cutaneous infections, and cutaneous adverse manifestations of multiple medications. Skin Disease in Organ Trans- plantation is the first scholarly compilation of the knowledge base surrounding the care of solidorgantransplantrecipientswithdermatologicdiseases. Supplemented withdozens of full-colorphotographs, thisworkbrings together decades of knowledge into a cohesive format and establishes transplant dermatology as an important subspecialtywithinthefieldofdermatologyandtransplantmedicine.SkinDiseaseinOrgan Transplantation is an outstanding resource for transplant providers and dermatologists to determine the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the difficult problems of cutaneousdiseaseinorgantransplantrecipients. Dr. Clark C. Otley is Chair of the Division of Dermatologic Surgery at Mayo Clinic and Professor of Dermatology at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. He was the founding PresidentofTheInternationalTransplant-SkinCancerCollaborative,anorganizationded- icated to the advancement of clinical care and research for transplant patients with skin cancer and skin diseases. Dr. Otley attended medical school at Duke University School of Medicine and then received his specialty training in dermatology at Harvard University, servingaschiefresidentoftheDepartmentofDermatologyatMassachusettsGeneralHos- pital in 1995. He subsequently completed a fellowship in cutaneous oncology and Mohs micrographic surgery at Mayo Clinic, finishing in 1996. Dr. Otley has served on the BoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanCollegeofMohsMicrographicSurgeryandCutaneous Oncology,aswellastheAssociationofAcademicDermatologicSurgeons.Heisareviewer fortheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,theArchivesofDermatology,DermatologicSurgery, and the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. He received the Young Leaders AwardfromtheAmericanDermatologicAssociationpriortohisinductiontothatorgani- zation.Dr.Otleyhaswrittenmorethan70originalresearcharticlesandlecturesnationally andinternationally. Dr.ThomasStaskoisAssociateProfessorofMedicine(Dermatology)atVanderbiltUniver- sity in Nashville, Tennessee. He received his medical degree from the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio in 1977. After an internship at the U.S. Air Force Medical Center at Scott AFB, Illinois, he served as a General Medical Officer before com- pletingaresidencyindermatologyattheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenterin1983. His fellowship training in Mohs micrographic surgery was at Tufts/New England Medical Center in Boston. Dr. Stasko is the current President of the International Transplant-Skin CancerCollaborativeandalsoservesontheBoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanCollegeof MohsMicrographicSurgeryandCutaneousOncology.Hehaslecturedandpublishedwidely oncutaneousoncologyinsolidorgantransplantrecipients. Skin Disease in Organ Transplantation EDITED BY Clark C. Otley, MD Thomas Stasko, MD ProfessorofDermatology AssociateProfessorofMedicine(Dermatology) Chair,DivisionofDermatologicSurgery VanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter DepartmentofDermatology,MayoClinic Nashville,TN,USA MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine Rochester,MN,USA Matthew D. Griffin, MB,BCh AssociateProfessorofMedicine,DepartmentofMedicine, DivisionofNephrologyandHypertension,MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine, WilliamJvonLiebigTransplantCenter,Rochester,MN,USA Gillian M. Murphy,MD, FRCPI,FRCP,Edin ConsultantDermatologist,SeniorLecturer,DepartmentofDermatology, BeaumontandMaterMisericordiaeHospitalsandRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinIreland,Dublin,Ireland Ryutaro Hirose, MD AssociateProfessorinClinicalSurgery,Division ofTransplantation, DepartmentofSurgery, UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA,USA Alvin H. Chong, FACD,MMed (Melb),MBBS ConsultantDermatologistandLecturerinDermatology, DepartmentofMedicine(Dermatology),St.Vincent(cid:2)sHospitalMelbourne, UniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521870672 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-37132-5 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-10 0-511-37132-2 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87067-2 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-87067-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-to- date information that is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publisher therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. Toourpatients,whosesufferinginspiresthisworkandwhosecourageteachesuseveryday. Tomywife,Jill,andourwonderfulchildren,Taylor,Kendall,Grant,andKeller,whoaremy inspiration.AndtoStuSalasche,MD,forhisenthusiasmandsteadfast support. –ClarkC.Otley,MD ToMaryAnn,mywifeandpartnerinallthings;mydaughterEmilyforencouragementand technical support; my son Roary and his wife Jenny for inspiring me to take on new adventures.Toorgantransplantpatients,theirfamilies,mynurses,andstaff,whotogether showhowmedicinecanbesohuman.AndtoStu. –ThomasStasko,MD Toourremarkablecolleagues,patients,andtheirfamilies. –MatthewD.Griffin,MBBCh Tomyhusband,David,whoinspiresme,tomyever-cheerfulchildren,JennyandSimon,to my parents, Nuala and Michael, who always encourage me, and especially to my patients, whosecourageandoptimismmotivatemetodomybestforthem. –GillianM.Murphy,MD,FRCPI,FRCP,Edin Tomypatients,whohavetaughtmethemeaningofcourageandgrace.Tomypatientwife, Mivic,andourtwobeautifulchildren,KentaroandKyoko,whohavetaughtmethemeaning oflove. –RyutaroHirose,MD Tothememoryofmyfather,TongChin.–AlvinH.Chong,FACD,MMed(Melb),MBBS Contents ListofContributors ix SECTIONFOUR–CUTANEOUSEFFECTSOF ForewordbyDanielR.Salomon xiii IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVEMEDICATIONS ForewordbyRobinMarks xv 10. CutaneousEffectsofImmunosuppressive ForewordbyKathySchwab xvii Medications 67 Preface xix ConwayC.Huang Acknowledgments xxi SECTIONFIVE–INFECTIOUSDISEASESOFTHESKININ SECTIONONE–TRANSPLANTDERMATOLOGY:AN TRANSPLANTDERMATOLOGY EVOLVINGDYNAMICFIELD 11. BacterialDiseasesinOrganTransplantRecipients 83 1. Introduction toTransplantDermatology 3 RichardA.Johnson,JenniferY.Lin ThomasStasko,ClarkC.Otley 12. FungalDiseasesinOrganTransplantRecipients 88 AlexandraGeusau,ElisabethPresterl 13. ViralDiseasesinOrganTransplantRecipients 98 SECTIONTWO–TRANSPLANTMEDICINEAND RichardA.Johnson,JenniferY.Lin DERMATOLOGY 14. MycobacterialDiseasesinOrganTransplant 2. TheHistoryofOrganTransplantation 9 Recipients 106 HenryW.Randle AlexandraGeusau,ElisabethPresterl 3. TheDevelopment ofModernImmunosuppressive Medications 13 RyutaroHirose,MatthewD.Griffin SECTIONSIX–BENIGNANDINFLAMMATORYSKINDISEASES 4. OrganTransplantation:CurrentStatusandPractice 22 INTRANSPLANTDERMATOLOGY MatthewD.Griffin 15. TheEffectsofTransplantationonPreexisting 5. TheImmunologyofTransplantationandAllograft Dermatoses 113 Rejection 29 NamrataSadanandAnavekar,TheresaR.Pacheco, MatthewD.Griffin,RyutaroHirose ShawnE.Cowper 6. Allograft-SpecificConsiderations inTransplant 16. PorokeratosisinOrganTransplantRecipients 119 Dermatology 39 CharlotteProby,CatherineHarwood RyutaroHirose,ClarkC.Otley 17. BenignCutaneousNeoplasmsinOrganTransplant 7. DermatologicDiseasefromtheTransplant Recipients 122 Perspective 46 CatherineHarwood,CharlotteProby MatthewD.Griffin 18. AnogenitalCutaneousDiseaseinOrganTransplant Recipients 128 KarenL.Gibbon,HeenaPatel,CharlotteProby SECTIONTHREE–PATHOGENICFACTORSINTRANSPLANT 19. CutaneousGraftversusHostDiseaseafterSolid DERMATOLOGY OrganTransplantation 131 8. BasicScientificMechanismsofAccelerated TheresaR.Pacheco,ChristinaRappPrescott DevelopmentofSquamousCellCarcinomain OrganTransplantRecipients 53 SECTIONSEVEN–CUTANEOUSONCOLOGYINTRANSPLANT JohnA.Carucci DERMATOLOGY 9. PathogenicFactorsInvolvingInfectionsin TransplantDermatology 60 20. ThePathogenesisofSkinCancerinOrgan JenniferY.Lin,RichardA.Johnson TransplantRecipients 137 GillianM.Murphy,FergalMoloney vii viii CONTENTS 21. TheEpidemiologyofSkinCancerinOrgan 37. TransplantHands:SevereActinicDamageofthe TransplantRecipients 142 HandsinOrganTransplantRecipients 242 BerntLindelo¨f SiegridS.Yu,RebeccaS.Yu,WhitneyD.Tope 22. TheClinicalPresentationandDiagnosisofSkin 38. SkinCancerandNeviinPediatricOrganTransplant CancerinOrganTransplantRecipients 147 Recipients 246 StephenD.Hess,ChrysalyneD.Schmults FatemehJafarian,JuliePowell,AfshinHatami 23. ActinicKeratosisinOrganTransplantRecipients 162 39. DermatologicSurgeryinOrganTransplant CaraHolmes,AlvinH.Chong Recipients 249 24. BasalCellCarcinomainOrganTransplant ClarkC.Otley Recipients 167 40. RadiationTherapyinOrganTransplantRecipients 254 JonathanNg,PeterFoley MichaelJ.Veness 25. SquamousCellCarcinomainOrganTransplant 41. ReductionofImmunosuppressionforTransplant- Recipients 172 AssociatedSkinCancer 262 BradleyT.Kovach,ThomasStasko ClarkC.Otley,RyutaroHirose 26. MalignantMelanomainOrganTransplant 42. SystemicRetinoidsforPreventionofSkinCancerin Recipients 182 OrganTransplantRecipients 272 LeslieJ.Christenson JanNicoBouwesBavinck,J.W.deFijter 27. MerkelCellCarcinomainOrganTransplant 43. TopicalTreatmentofActinicKeratosis and Recipients 190 PhotodamageinOrganTransplantRecipients 277 PaulNghiem,NataliaJaimes WarrenWeightman 28. Kaposi’sSarcomainOrganTransplantRecipients 195 44. ImiquimodUseinOrganTransplantRecipients 286 SylvieEuvrard,JeanKanitakis SummerR.Youker 29. PosttransplantLymphoproliferative Disorder/ 45. PhotodynamicTherapyinOrganTransplant LymphomainOrganTransplantRecipients 199 Recipients 291 LeslieRobinson-Bostom, KevanG.Lewis NathalieC.Zeitouni,AllanR.Oseroff 30. RareCutaneousNeoplasmsinOrganTransplant 46. SkinCancerPreventionandPhotoprotection in Recipients 203 OrganTransplantRecipients 295 MarcyNeuburg SumairaZ.Aasi 31. HistopathologicFeaturesofSkinCancerinOrgan 47. SkinCancerPriortoOrganTransplantationor TransplantRecipients 208 OrganDonation 302 KevanG.Lewis,LeslieRobinson-Bostom ClarkC.Otley,RyutaroHirose SECTIONEIGHT–SPECIALSCENARIOSINTRANSPLANT SECTIONNINE–EDUCATIONAL,ORGANIZATIONAL,AND CUTANEOUSONCOLOGY RESEARCHEFFORTSINTRANSPLANTDERMATOLOGY 32. MetastaticSquamousCellCarcinomainOrgan 48. QualityofLifeAssociatedwithDermatologic TransplantRecipients 217 DiseaseinOrganTransplantRecipients 311 RandallK.Roenigk,DavidL.Appert,KellyL.Brunner, FionaO’ReillyZwald JerryD.Brewer 49. PatientEducation inTransplantDermatology: 33. In-TransitMetastaticSquamousCellCarcinomain Pre-andPostTransplant 315 OrganTransplantRecipients 224 JeffreyC.H.Donovan,JamesC.Shaw JohnA.Carucci 50. TransplantDermatologyClinics 322 34. MetastaticMalignantMelanomainOrgan AlvinH.Chong,CaraHolmes TransplantRecipients 228 51. TransplantDermatologyOrganizations 327 ClaasUlrich,CharlotteProby,SteveNicholson, HenryW.Randle CatherineHarwood 52. ResearchDatabasesforTransplantDermatology 331 35. TransplantScalp:SevereActinicDamageofthe JenniferReichel ScalpinOrganTransplantRecipients 234 53. ResourcesforTransplantDermatology 336 JenniferZ.Cooper,MarcD.Brown ClarkC.Otley 36. TransplantLip:SevereActinicDamageofthe VermilioninOrganTransplantRecipients 238 Index 341 HeatherD.Rogers,ElbertH.Chen,De´sire´eRatner List of Contributors SumairaZ.Aasi,MD WeillMedicalCollegeofCornellUniversity AssistantProfessor NewYorkPresbyterianHospital DepartmentofDermatology NewYork,NY YaleSchoolofMedicine USA NewHaven,CT ElbertH.Chen,MD USA FellowinMohsMicrographicSurgery NamrataSadanandAnavekarMBBS(hons) DepartmentofDermatology DermatologyResident ColumbiaUniversityCollegeofPhysiciansand DepartmentofDermatology Surgeons St.Vincent(cid:2)sHospital NewYork,NY Melbourne,Victoria USA AUSTRALIA AlvinH.Chong,FACD,MMed(Melb),MBBS DavidL.Appert,MD ConsultantDermatologistandLecturerinDermatology MidDakotaDermatologicSurgery,Cosmetics,&Laser DepartmentofMedicine(Dermatology) Center St.Vincent(cid:2)sHospitalMelbourne Bismark,ND UniversityofMelbourne USA Melbourne,Victoria JanNicoBouwesBavinck,MD,PhD AUSTRALIA DepartmentofDermatology LeslieJ.Christenson,MD LeidenUniversityMedicalCenter AssistantProfessor,MayoMedicalSchool Leiden DepartmentofDermatology TheNETHERLANDS MayoClinic JerryD.Brewer,MD Rochester,MN Resident USA DepartmentofDermatology JenniferZ.Cooper,MD MayoGraduateSchoolofGraduateMedicalEducation AssistantProfessorofDermatology MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine DepartmentofDermatology Rochester,MN UniversityofMaryland USA Baltimore,MD MarcD.Brown,MD USA ProfessorofDermatology ShawnE.Cowper,MD DepartmentofDermatology AssistantProfessorofDermatologyandPathology UniversityofRochester DepartmentofDermatology Rochester,NY YaleUniversity USA NewHaven,CT KellyL.Brunner,MD USA Resident J.W.deFijter,MD,PhD DepartmentofDermatology DepartmentofNephrology MayoGraduateSchoolofGraduateMedicalEducation LeidenUniversityMedicalCenter MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine Leiden Rochester,MN TheNETHERLANDS USA JeffreyC.H.Donovan,MD,PhD JohnA.Carucci,MD,PhD DermatologyResident Director,MohsMicrographicandDermatologicSurgery DepartmentofMedicine ix x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS UniversityofToronto RyutaroHirose,MD Toronto,Ontario AssociateProfessorinClinicalSurgery CANADA DivisionofTransplantation SylvieEuvrard,MD DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofDermatology UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco HoˆpitalEdouardHerriot SanFrancisco,CA Lyon USA FRANCE CaraHolmes,MBBS PeterFoley,MBBS,BMedSc,MD,FACD ResearchFellow AssociateProfessor DepartmentofMedicine(Dermatology) DepartmentofMedicine(Dermatology), St.Vincent(cid:2)sHospitalMelbourne St.Vincent(cid:2)sHospitalMelbourne UniversityofMelbourne UniversityofMelbourne Melbourne,Victoria Melbourne,Victoria AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA ConwayC.Huang,MD AlexandraGeusau,MD AssociateProfessorandDirectorofDermatologic AssociateProfessor Surgery DepartmentofDermatology DepartmentofDermatology DivisionofImmunology,Allergy,andInfectiousDiseases UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham MedicalUniversityofVienna Birmingham,AL Vienna,AUSTRIA USA KarenL.Gibbon,MB,ChB,BSc(Hons),MRCP FatemehJafarian,MD ConsultantDermatologist PediatricDermatologyFellow WhippsCrossUniversityHospital PediatricDermatology London SainteJustineHospital UNITEDKINGDOM Montreal,Quebec MatthewD.Griffin,MB,BCh CANADA AssociateProfessorofMedicine,MayoClinicCollegeof NataliaJaimes,MD Medicine DermatologyResident DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofNephrologyand UniversidadPontificiaBolivariana Hypertension Medell´ın,Colombia MayoClinic SOUTHAMERICA Rochester,MN RichardA.Johnson,MD USA InstructorofDermatology Catherine Harwood,MA,MBBS,MRCP,PhD DepartmentofDermatology ClinicalSeniorLecturerandHonorary Consultantin HarvardMedicalSchool Dermatology MassachusettsGeneralHospital CentreforCutaneous Research Boston,MA InstituteofCellandMolecularScience USA BartsandtheLondonQueenMary(cid:2)sSchoolofMedicine JeanKanitakis,MD andDentistry DepartmentofDermatology London HoˆpitalEdouardHerriot UNITEDKINGDOM Lyon,FRANCE AfshinHatami,MD,FRCPC BradleyT.Kovach,MD AssistantProfessor ClinicalInstructor PediatricDermatology CenterforDermatologicandCosmeticSurgery SainteJustineHospital WashingtonUniversity SchoolofMedicine Montreal,Quebec St.Louis,MO CANADA USA StephenD.Hess,MD,PhD KevanG.Lewis,MD DermatologyResident DermatologyResident DepartmentofDermatology DepartmentofDermatology UniversityofPennsylvania BrownMedicalSchool/Rhode IslandHospital Philadelphia,PA Providence,RI USA USA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi JenniferY.Lin,MD RoswellParkCancerInstituteandStateUniversityofNew HarvardDermatology Program YorkatBuffalo DepartmentofDermatology RoswellParkCancerInstitute MassachusettsGeneralHospital; Buffalo,NY HarvardMedicalSchool USA Boston,MA,USA ClarkC.Otley,MD BerntLindelo¨f,MD,PhD ProfessorofDermatology,MayoClinicCollegeof AdjunctProfessorofDermatology Medicine DepartmentofDermatologyandVenereology Chair,DivisionofDermatologic Surgery KarolinskaUniversityHospitalandKarolinska DepartmentofDermatology Institute MayoClinic Stockholm Rochester,MN SWEDEN USA FergalMoloney,MD,MRCPI TheresaR.Pacheco,MD DepartmentofDermatology AssistantProfessorofDermatology BeaumontHospital DepartmentofDermatology Dublin,IRELAND UniversityofColoradoatDenverandHealthSciences GillianM.Murphy,MD,FRCPI,FRCP,Edin Center ConsultantDermatologist,SeniorLecturer Aurora,CO DepartmentofDermatology USA BeaumontandMaterMisericordiaeHospitalsandRoyal HeenaPatel,BSc,MBBS,MRCS CollegeofSurgeonsinIreland ClinicalResearchFellow Dublin,IRELAND ColorectalCancerUnit MarcyNeuburg,MD St.Mark(cid:2)sHospital AssociateProfessor London Dermatology,PlasticSurgery,andOtolaryngology UNITEDKINGDOM MedicalCollegeofWisconsin JuliePowell,MD,FRCPC Milwaukee,WI AssociateProfessor USA PediatricDermatology JonathanNg,MBBS,BMedSc SainteJustineHospital ResearchFellow Montreal,Quebec DepartmentofMedicine(Dermatology),St.Vincent(cid:2)s CANADA HospitalMelbourne ChristinaRappPrescott,PhD UniversityofMelbourne MedicalStudent Melbourne,Victoria DepartmentofDermatology AUSTRALIA UniversityofColoradoatDenverandHealthSciences PaulNghiem,MD,PhD Center AssistantProfessor Aurora,CO UniversityofWashingtonDermatology/Medicine USA FredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenter ElisabethPresterl, MD Seattle,WA AssociateProfessor USA DepartmentofMedicine SteveNicholson,MRCP,PhD DivisionofInfectiousDiseases LocumConsultantinMedicalOncology MedicalUniversityofVienna St.Bartholomew(cid:2)s&TheRoyalLondonHospitals Vienna,AUSTRIA London,UK CharlotteProby,BA,MBBS,FRCP SouthendHospital ClinicalSeniorLecturerandHonorary Consultantin Southend,UK Dermatology FionaO(cid:2)ReillyZwald,MD CentreforCutaneousResearch MetropolitanDermatologicSurgery,P.C. InstituteofCellandMolecularScience Atlanta,GA BartsandtheLondonQueenMary(cid:2)sSchoolofMedicine USA andDentistry AllanR.Oseroff,MD,PhD London LawrenceP.andJoanCastellaniFamilyEndowedChairin UK Dermatology HenryW.Randle,MD,PhD ProfessorandChairofDermatology, ProfessorofDermatology
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